Emva kweminyaka ephantse ibe lishumi ekhokela umanyano olunamandla kwihlabathi liphela, uNobhala Jikelele we-EU ukulungele ukudlulisa induku.
Ubungqina obutsha obukhutshwe yiFransi ngoLwesithathu budibanisa ngokuthe ngqo urhulumente waseSiriya nohlaselo lwekhemikhali lwango-Aprili 4 olwabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-80, kuquka nabantwana abaninzi, lwaza lwabangela ukuba uMongameli uDonald Trump ayalele ukuba kuhlaselwe isikhululo somoya saseSiriya.
Ubungqina obutsha obukhutshwe yiFransi ngoLwesithathu budibanisa ngokuthe ngqo urhulumente waseSiriya nohlaselo lwekhemikhali lwango-Aprili 4 olwabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-80, kuquka nabantwana abaninzi, lwaza lwabangela ukuba uMongameli uDonald Trump ayalele ukuba kuhlaselwe isikhululo somoya saseSiriya.
Ubungqina obutsha, obukwingxelo enamaphepha amathandathu elungiselelwe ziingcali zaseFransi, yeyona ngxelo ineenkcukacha ezipheleleyo zoluntu malunga nokusetyenziswa kweSyria kwesi sixhobo semithambo-luvo esibulalayo i-sarin kuhlaselo lwesixeko saseKhan Sheikhoun.
Ingxelo yaseFransi iphakamisa amathandabuzo amatsha malunga nokuba semthethweni kwento eyabhengezwa njengesivumelwano sembali sezixhobo zekhemikhali phakathi kwe-US neRussia esasayinwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2013 nguNobhala welizwe laseMelika uJohn Kerry kunye noMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseRashiya uSergei Lavrov. Esi sivumelwano sibekwe njengendlela esebenzayo yokuphelisa inkqubo yezixhobo zekhemikhali zaseSyria "ezibhengeziweyo". IFrance ikwathe iSyria ibisoloko ifuna ukufikelela kumashumi eetoni ze-isopropyl alcohol, isithako esiphambili kwi-sarin, ukusukela ngo-2014, nangona isithembiso sika-Okthobha ka-2013 sokutshabalalisa izixhobo zayo zekhemikhali.
“Uvavanyo lwaseFransi lugqiba kwelokuba kusekho amathandabuzo anzulu malunga nokuchaneka, iinkcukacha kunye nokunyaniseka kokupheliswa kwezixhobo zekhemikhali zaseSiriya,” utsho uxwebhu. “Ngokukodwa, iFrance ikholelwa ukuba nangona iSyria izibophelele ekutshabalaliseni zonke iindawo ezigciniweyo kunye nezibonelelo, igcine amandla okuvelisa okanye ukugcina iSarin.”
Iziphumo zeFransi, ezisekelwe kwiisampulu zokusingqongileyo eziqokelelwe eKhan Sheikhoun kunye nesampulu yegazi ethathwe komnye wamaxhoba ngomhla wohlaselo, zixhasa amabango ase-US, e-UK, eTurkey kunye ne-OPCW okuba igesi yeSarin yasetyenziswa eKhan Sheikhoun.
Kodwa amaFrentshi aqhubeka ngakumbi, esithi uhlobo lwesarin olusetyenziswe ekuhlaselweni kukaKhan Sheikhoun yayilulo mzekelo wesarin owaqokelelwa ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kukarhulumente waseSyria kwisixeko saseSarakib ngo-Aprili 29, 2013. Emva kolu hlaselo, iFrance yafumana ikopi yegrenade engaqhumanga, engenanto, equlethe i-100 milliliters yesarin.
Ngokutsho kwephephandaba laseFransi elipapashwe ngoLwesithathu eParis nguMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseFransi uJean-Marc Herault, isixhobo esiqhushumbisiweyo sekhemikhali sawiswa kwihelikopta kwaye “urhulumente waseSyria kumele ukuba wasisebenzisa ekuhlaseleni iSarakib.”
Ukuhlolwa kwegrenade kubonise imiqondiso ye-hexamine yeekhemikhali, icandelo eliphambili lenkqubo yezixhobo zeekhemikhali zaseSiriya. Ngokweengxelo zaseFransi, iZiko loPhando lwezeSayensi laseSiriya, i-incubator yezixhobo zeekhemikhali zorhulumente, liphuhlise inkqubo yokongeza i-herotropin kwiindawo ezimbini eziphambili ze-sarin, i-isopropanol kunye ne-methylphosphonodifluoride, ukuzinzisa i-sarin kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Ngokutsho kwephephandaba laseFransi, “isarin ekhoyo kwiimbumbulu ezisetyenziswe ngo-Epreli 4 yenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanayo yokuvelisa eyayisetyenziswa lurhulumente waseSiriya kuhlaselo lwaseSarin eSaraqib.” “Ngaphezu koko, ukubakho kwe-hexamine kubonisa ukuba inkqubo yokuvelisa yaphuhliswa liziko lophando lorhulumente waseSiriya.”
“Eli lixesha lokuqala urhulumente wesizwe eqinisekisa esidlangalaleni ukuba urhulumente waseSiriya usebenzise i-hexamine ukuvelisa i-sarin, nto leyo eqinisekisa ingcamango ebisoloko isasazeka kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu,” utshilo uDan Casetta, ingcali yezixhobo zamakhemikhali eseLondon kunye negosa langaphambili lase-US. Igosa le-Army Chemical Corps i-Urotropine alikafunyanwa kwiiprojekthi ze-sarin kwamanye amazwe.
“Ubukho be-urotropin,” utshilo, “budibanisa zonke ezi ziganeko ne-sarin kwaye buzidibanisa ngokusondeleyo norhulumente waseSiriya.”
“Iingxelo zobuntlola zaseFransi zibonelela ngobungqina besayensi obunamandla obudibanisa urhulumente waseSiriya nohlaselo lukaKhan Sheikhoun sarin,” utshilo uGregory Koblenz, umlawuli wenkqubo yabaphumeleleyo yokuzikhusela kwi-biodefense kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Mason.
IZiko loPhando lwaseSiriya (i-SSRC) lasekwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 ukuze liphuhlise ngasese izixhobo zamakhemikhali nezinye izixhobo ezingezizo ezesiqhelo. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980, i-CIA yathi urhulumente waseSiriya unako ukuvelisa phantse iitoni ezisi-8 ze-sarin ngenyanga.
Urhulumente kaTrump, ongakhange ukhuphe bungqina buncinci bokubandakanyeka kweSyria kuhlaselo lukaKhan Sheikhoun, kule veki unike amandla abasebenzi be-SSRC abangama-271 ukuziphindezela ngohlaselo.
Urhulumente waseSiriya uyala ukusebenzisa i-sarin okanye esinye isixhobo sekhemikhali. IRashiya, umxhasi oyintloko weSiriya, ithe ukukhululwa kwezinto ezinetyhefu eKhan Sheikhoun kube ngumphumo wohlaselo lweenqwelo moya zaseSiriya kwiindawo zokugcina izixhobo zekhemikhali zabavukeli.
Kodwa amaphephandaba aseFransi ayiphikisa loo nto, esithi “ingcamango yokuba amaqela axhobileyo asebenzise i-nerve agent ukwenza uhlaselo lwango-Epreli 4 ayithembekanga…Akukho nanye kula maqela eyayinamandla okusebenzisa i-nerve agent okanye umthamo womoya ofunekayo.”
Ngokuthumela i-imeyile yakho, uyavuma kwiMigaqo-nkqubo yaBucala kunye neMigqaliselo yoSetyenziso kwaye ufumana ii-imeyile ezivela kuthi. Ungakhetha ukungasebenzisi nangaliphi na ixesha.
Ezi ngxoxo bezizinyaswe ngumntu owayesakuba ngummeli waseMelika, ingcali nge-Iran, ingcali ngeLibya kunye nomcebisi wangaphambili kwiBritish Conservative Party.
I-China, i-Russia kunye namaqabane abo alawulayo bavuselela enye ingxabano enkulu kwilizwekazi elikhulu emhlabeni.
Ngokuthumela i-imeyile yakho, uyavuma kwiMigaqo-nkqubo yaBucala kunye neMigqaliselo yoSetyenziso kwaye ufumana ii-imeyile ezivela kuthi. Ungakhetha ukungasebenzisi nangaliphi na ixesha.
Ngokubhalisa, ndiyavumelana neMigaqo-nkqubo yoBucala kunye neMigqaliselo yoSetyenziso, kwaye ndifumana izibonelelo ezikhethekileyo ezivela kwiMigaqo-nkqubo yeZangaphandle ngamanye amaxesha.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, i-United States iye yenza ukuthintela ukukhula kwezobuchwepheshe beTshayina. Izithintelo ezikhokelwa yi-US zibeke imida engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili ekufikeleleni kweBeijing kwizakhono zekhompyutha eziphambili. Ngenxa yoko, iTshayina ikhawulezise uphuhliso lweshishini layo lezobuchwepheshe kwaye yanciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwizinto ezivela ngaphandle. UWang Dan, ingcali kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nomntu otyeleleyo kwiPaul Tsai China Center kwiYale Law School, ukholelwa ukuba ukukhuphisana kwezobuchwepheshe beTshayina kusekelwe kubuchule bokuvelisa. Ngamanye amaxesha icebo leTshayina lidlula elo le-United States. Le mfazwe intsha yezobuchwepheshe iya phi? Amanye amazwe aza kuchaphazeleka njani? Baluchaza njani ngokutsha ubudlelwane babo nelizwe elikhulu kwezoqoqosho kwihlabathi? Joyina uRavi Agrawal we-FP ethetha noWang malunga nokunyuka kwezobuchwepheshe beTshayina kunye nokuba isenzo sase-US sinokuyimisa ngokwenene na.
Kangangamashumi eminyaka, umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle wase-US ubujonge i-India njengeqabane elinokubakho kumzabalazo wamandla phakathi kwe-US ne-China kummandla we-Indo-Pacific. B…bonisa okungakumbi U-Ashley J. Tellis, obekade ebukele ubudlelwane be-US ne-India ixesha elide, uthi ulindelo lweWashington ngeNew Delhi aluchanekanga. Kwinqaku leMicimbi yezaNgaphandle elisasazwe kakhulu, uTellis uphikise ngelithi i-White House kufuneka iphinde icinge ngolindelo lwayo nge-India. Ingaba i-Tellis ichanekile? Thumela imibuzo yakho kuTellis kunye nomsasazi we-FP Live uRavi Agrawal ukuze kubekho ingxoxo enzulu ngaphambi kotyelelo lweNkulumbuso yase-India uNarendra Modi kwi-White House ngoJuni 22.
Isekethe edibeneyo. i-microchip. i-semiconductor. Okanye, njengoko zaziwa kakhulu, iitships. Eli qhekeza lincinci le-silicon elinika amandla kwaye lichaza ubomi bethu banamhlanje linamagama amaninzi. F…bonisa okungakumbi Ukusuka kwiifowuni eziphathwayo ukuya kwiimoto ukuya kumatshini wokuhlamba, iitships zisekela uninzi lwehlabathi njengoko sizazi. Zibaluleke kakhulu kwindlela olusebenza ngayo uluntu lwanamhlanje kangangokuba zona kunye nayo yonke imixokelelwane yazo yokubonelela ziye zaba ngumqolo wokhuphiswano lwe-geopolitical. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiteknoloji, iitships eziphezulu azinakuveliswa ngumntu wonke. I-Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) ilawula malunga ne-90% yemarike yeetships eziphambili, kwaye akukho nkampani okanye ilizwe elibonakala lifikelela kwinqanaba. kodwa kutheni? Yintoni i-TSMC's Secret Sauce? Yintoni eyenza i-semiconductor yayo ibe yekhethekileyo kangaka? Kutheni oku kubaluleke kangaka kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye ne-geopolitics? Ukuze afumanise, uRavi Agrawal we-FP udlan’ udliwanondlebe noChris Miller, umbhali weChip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. UMiller ukwanguNjingalwazi oNcedisayo weMbali yaMazwe ngaMazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseFletcher School of Tufts.
Ukulwela isikhundla kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo kuguquke kwaba yimfazwe yommeli phakathi kweRashiya nehlabathi liphela.