Emva kweminyaka ephantse ibe lishumi ephethe umanyano lwehlabathi olunamandla, uNobhala Jikelele we-EU ulungele ukudlulisa i-baton.
Ubungqina obutsha obukhutshwe yiFransi ngoLwesithathu budibanisa ngokuthe ngqo ulawulo lwaseSiriya kwi-4 ka-Aprili uhlaselo lweekhemikhali olwabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-80, kuquka nabantwana abaninzi, kwaye yenza uMongameli uDonald Trump ukuba ayalele isiteleka kwisiseko somoya waseSiriya.
Ubungqina obutsha obukhutshwe yiFransi ngoLwesithathu budibanisa ngokuthe ngqo ulawulo lwaseSiriya kwi-4 ka-Aprili uhlaselo lweekhemikhali olwabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-80, kuquka nabantwana abaninzi, kwaye yenza uMongameli uDonald Trump ukuba ayalele isiteleka kwisiseko somoya waseSiriya.
Ubungqina obutsha, obuqulethwe kwingxelo yamaphepha amathandathu elungiselelwe yi-intelligence yaseFransi, yeyona ngxelo kawonke-wonke yeSyria yesityholo sokusetyenziswa kwe-agent ebulalayo ye-nerve sarin ekuhlaselweni kwesixeko saseKhan Sheikhoun.
Ingxelo yesiFrentshi iphakamisa amathandabuzo amatsha malunga nokuba semthethweni kwento ebibhengezwe njengembali yesivumelwano sezixhobo zekhemikhali zase-US-Russia esasayinwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2013 nguNobhala Welizwe lase-US uJohn Kerry kunye noMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseRussia uSergei Lavrov. Isivumelwano sibekwe njengendlela esebenzayo yokuphelisa inkqubo yezixhobo zekhemikhali “ezazisiweyo” zaseSyria. IFransi ikwathi iSyria ibifuna ukufikelela kumashumi eetoni zotywala be-isopropyl, eyona nto iphambili kwi-sarin, ukusukela ngo-2014, ngaphandle kwesithembiso sika-Okthobha ka-2013 sokutshabalalisa izixhobo zayo zekhemikhali.
"Uvavanyo lwaseFransi lugqibe kwelokuba kusekho ukuthandabuza okukhulu malunga nokuchaneka, iinkcukacha kunye nokunyaniseka kokuyekiswa komkhosi wezixhobo zekhemikhali zaseSyria," litsho eli xwebhu. Ngokukodwa, iFransi ikholelwa ukuba ngaphandle kokuzibophelela kweSyria ukutshabalalisa zonke izinto ezigciniweyo kunye nezixhobo, iwagcinile amandla okuvelisa okanye ukugcina iSarin.
Ukufunyaniswa kweFransi, ngokusekelwe kwiisampuli zendalo eziqokelelwe eKhan Sheikhoun kunye nesampuli yegazi ethathwe kwelinye lamaxhoba ngosuku lokuhlaselwa, inkxaso ye-US, UK, Turkish kunye ne-OPCW ithi i-Sarin gas isetyenziswe eKhan Sheikhoun.
Kodwa amaFrentshi aqhubela phambili, ebiza ukuba i-strain ye-sarin esetyenziswe ekuhlaselweni kweKhan Sheikhoun yayiyisampuli efanayo ye-sarin eyaqokelelwa ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kukarhulumente waseSiriya kwisixeko saseSarakib ngo-Aprili 29, 2013. Emva kolu hlaselo, iFransi yafumana ikopi ye-grenade engaguqukiyo, engabonakaliyo equkethe i-100 milliliters ye-sarin.
Ngokutsho kwephephandaba laseFransi elipapashwe ngoLwesithathu eParis nguMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseFransi uJean-Marc Herault, isixhobo sokudubula sekhemikhali sawiswa kwinqwelo-ntaka kwaye "urhulumente waseSyria umele ukuba usisebenzisile kuhlaselo lwaseSarakib."
Uvavanyo lwesiqhushumbisi luveze umkhondo wekhemikhali ihexamine, eyona nxalenye iphambili yenkqubo yezixhobo zekhemikhali zaseSyria. Ngokweengxelo zesiFrentshi, iZiko laseSyria loPhando lwezeNzululwazi, i-incubator yezixhobo zekhemikhali zolawulo, iphuhlise inkqubo yokongeza i-herotropin kumacandelo amabini aphambili e-sarin, isopropanol kunye ne-methylphosphonodifluoride, ukuzinzisa i-sarin kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Ngokutsho kwephephandaba laseFransi, "isarin ekhoyo kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswe ngo-Aprili 4 yaveliswa kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanayo yokuvelisa eyayisetyenziswa ngurhulumente waseSiriya kuhlaselo lweSarin eSaraqib." Ngapha koko, ubukho be-hexamine bucebisa ukuba inkqubo yokuvelisa yaphuhliswa liziko lophando lolawulo lwaseSyria.
"Eli lixesha lokuqala urhulumente kazwelonke eqinisekisa esidlangalaleni ukuba urhulumente waseSiriya wasebenzisa i-hexamine ukuvelisa i-sarin, eqinisekisa i-hypothesis eye yajikeleza iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu," kusho uDan Casetta, ingcali yezixhobo zekhemikhali ezisekelwe eLondon kunye negosa langaphambili lase-US. Igosa le-Army Chemical Corps i-Urotropine ayifumanekanga kwiiprojekthi ze-sarin kwamanye amazwe.
"Ubukho be-urotropin," watsho, "zidibanisa zonke ezi ziganeko kwi-sarin kwaye zidibanisa ngokusondeleyo kurhulumente waseSiriya."
"Iingxelo zobuntlola zaseFransi zibonelela ngobungqina obunamandla besayensi obudibanisa urhulumente waseSiriya nokuhlaselwa kwe-Khan Sheikhoun sarin," kusho uGregory Koblenz, umlawuli weprogram ye-biodefense graduate kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorge Mason. “
Iziko loPhando lwaseSyria (SSRC) lasekwa ekuqaleni koo-1970 ukuphuhlisa ngokufihlakeleyo izixhobo zekhemikhali kunye nezinye ezingezizo eziqhelekileyo. Emuva phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980, iCIA yabanga ukuba urhulumente waseSyria wayekwazi ukuvelisa phantse iitoni ezisi-8 zesarin ngenyanga.
Ulawulo lweTrump, olukhuphe ubungqina obuncinane bokubandakanyeka kweSiriya ekuhlaselweni kweKhan Sheikhoun, kule veki ihlawulise abasebenzi be-271 SSRC ngokuphindiselela ukuhlaselwa.
Ulawulo lwaseSyria luyakukhanyela ukusetyenziswa kwe-sarin okanye nasiphi na esinye isixhobo sekhemikhali. IRashiya, umxhasi ophambili waseSyria, uthe ukukhululwa kwezinto ezinobuthi eKhan Sheikhoun kwaba ngumphumo we-airstrikes yaseSiriya kwiidepho zezixhobo zekhemikhali ezivukelayo.
Kodwa amaphephandaba aseFransi aliphikisa eli bango, esithi "ithiyori yokuba amaqela axhobileyo asebenzisa iarhente yemithambo-luvo ukwenza uhlaselo lwe-4 ka-Epreli ayithembeki ... .
Ngokuthumela i-imeyile yakho, uyavumelana noMgaqo-nkqubo waBucala kunye neMigqaliselo yokuSebenzisa kwaye ufumane ii-imeyile ezivela kuthi. Ungaphuma nangaliphi na ixesha.
Iingxoxo bezizinyaswe ngunozakuzaku wangaphambili wase-US, ingcaphephe e-Iran, ingcali yaseLibya kunye nowayesakuba ngumcebisi weBritish Conservative Party.
I-China, iRussia kunye namahlakani abo angoozwilakhe baphembelela enye impixano enkulu kwelona lizwekazi likhulu emhlabeni.
Ngokuthumela i-imeyile yakho, uyavumelana noMgaqo-nkqubo waBucala kunye neMigqaliselo yokuSebenzisa kwaye ufumane ii-imeyile ezivela kuthi. Ungaphuma nangaliphi na ixesha.
Ngokubhalisa, ndivuma uMgaqo-nkqubo waBucala kunye neMigqaliselo yokuSetyenziswa, kunye nokufumana izibonelelo ezikhethekileyo ezivela kuMgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle amaxesha ngamaxesha.
Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, i-United States ithathe amanyathelo okunciphisa ukukhula kwethekhinoloji yaseTshayina. Izohlwayo ezikhokelwa yi-US zibeke izithintelo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili ekufikeleleni kweBeijing kubuchule obuphezulu bekhompyuter. Ukuphendula, i-China yakhawulezisa uphuhliso loshishino lweteknoloji kwaye yanciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwizinto zangaphandle. UWang Dan, ingcaphephe yezobugcisa kunye nomfo ondwendweleyo kwiZiko lase-Paul Tsai laseTshayina kwiSikolo soMthetho saseYale, ukholelwa ukuba ukhuphiswano lweteknoloji yaseTshayina lusekwe kwisakhono sokuvelisa. Ngamanye amaxesha iqhinga laseTshayina lidlula elaseMelika. Ibhekisa phi le mfazwe intsha yobuchwepheshe? Aza kuchaphazeleka njani amanye amazwe? Babuchaza njani ngokutsha ubudlelwane babo nelona gunya likhulu kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini? Joyina uRavi Agrawal weFP's ethetha noWang malunga nokunyuka kwetekhnoloji yaseTshayina kunye nokuba isenzo sase-US sinokuyinqanda na.
Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukusekwa komgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-US kujonge iIndiya njengeqabane elinokubakho kumzabalazo wamandla wase-US-China kwingingqi ye-Indo-Pacific. B…bonisa ngakumbi uAshley J. Tellis, obesoloko ebukele ubudlelwane base-US-India, uthi izinto ezilindelwe yiWashington ngeNew Delhi azilunganga. Kwinqaku elisasazwe ngokubanzi leMicimbi yezaNgaphandle, u-Tellis waxoxa ukuba i-White House kufuneka iphinde icinge ngezinto ezilindelekileyo eIndiya. Ngaba u-Tellis ulungile? Thumela imibuzo yakho ku-Tellis kunye ne-FP Live host uRavi Agrawal ngengxoxo enzulu ngaphambi kotyelelo lweNkulumbuso yase-India uNarendra Modi kwi-White House nge-22 kaJuni.
Isekethe edibeneyo. microchip. isemiconductor. Okanye, njengoko ziyaziwa kakhulu, iichips. Eli cwecwe lincinci le-silicon elinika amandla kwaye lichaza ubomi bethu banamhlanje linamagama amaninzi. F…bonisa ngakumbi Ukusuka kwii-smartphones ukuya kwiimoto ukuya koomatshini bokuhlamba, iitshiphusi zixhasa uninzi lwehlabathi njengoko sisazi. Babaluleke kakhulu kwindlela uluntu lwanamhlanje olusebenza ngayo kangangokuba bona kunye nekhonkco labo lokubonelela libe yintsika yokhuphiswano lwe-geopolitical. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nobunye itekhnoloji, iitshiphusi ezigqibeleleyo azinakuveliswa nguye nabani na. I-Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) ilawula malunga ne-90% ye-market chip market, kwaye akukho nanye inkampani okanye ilizwe elibonakala libamba. kodwa kutheni? Yintoni iSauce eyimfihlo ye-TSMC? Yintoni eyenza isemiconductor yayo ikhetheke kangaka? Kutheni le nto oku kubaluleke kangaka kuqoqosho lwehlabathi nakwi-geopolitics? Ukufumanisa, uRavi Agrawal weFP wadlan'indlebe noChris Miller, umbhali weChip War: Umlo weTekhnoloji ebaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi. UMiller ukwanguNjingalwazi weMbali yeHlabathi kwiFletcher School yeYunivesithi yaseTufts.
Umlo wokufumana isihlalo kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN ujike waba lidabi lommeli phakathi kweRussia nehlabathi.