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Ukuhamba kwamalungu kunye nezicubu kunokukhokelela kwiimpazamo ekubekweni kwe-X-rays ngexesha le-radiotherapy. Ke ngoko, izinto ezineempawu zoomatshini kunye ne-radiological ezilingana nezicubu ziyafuneka ukuze kulinganiswe intshukumo yamalungu ukuze kuphuculwe i-radiotherapy. Nangona kunjalo, uphuhliso lwezixhobo ezinjalo luhlala lulucelomngeni. Ii-alginate hydrogels zineempawu ezifana nezo ze-extracellular matrix, nto leyo eyenza zithembeke njengezinto ezilingana nezicubu. Kolu phononongo, ii-alginate hydrogel foams ezineempawu zoomatshini kunye ne-radiological ezifunwayo zenziwe yi-in situ Ca2+ release. Umlinganiselo womoya ukuya kwi-volume ulawulwe ngononophelo ukuze kufunyanwe ii-hydrogel foams ezineempawu zoomatshini kunye ne-radiological ezichaziweyo. I-macro- kunye ne-micromorphology yezinto zachazwa, kwaye ukuziphatha kwee-hydrogel foams phantsi koxinzelelo kwafundwa. Iimpawu ze-radiological zaqikelelwa ngokwethiyori kwaye zaqinisekiswa ngovavanyo kusetyenziswa i-computed tomography. Olu phononongo lukhanyisa uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwezinto ezilingana nezicubu ezinokusetyenziselwa ukuphucula idosi yemitha kunye nolawulo lomgangatho ngexesha le-radiotherapy.
Unyango ngemitha lunyango oluqhelekileyo lomhlaza1. Ukuhamba kwamalungu omzimba kunye nezicubu kudla ngokukhokelela kwiimpazamo ekubekweni kwe-X-rays ngexesha lonyango ngemitha2, okunokubangela ukuba ithumba linganyangwa kakuhle kunye nokuvezwa kakhulu kweeseli eziphilileyo ezijikelezileyo kwimitha engeyomfuneko. Ukukwazi ukuqikelela ukuhamba kwamalungu kunye nezicubu kubalulekile ekunciphiseni iimpazamo zendawo yethumba. Olu phononongo lugxile kwimiphunga, kuba idlula kwiinguqu ezibalulekileyo kunye neentshukumo xa izigulane ziphefumla ngexesha lonyango ngemitha. Iimodeli ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezilinganiselweyo ziye zaphuhliswa kwaye zasetyenziswa ukulinganisa intshukumo yemiphunga yomntu3,4,5. Nangona kunjalo, amalungu omzimba kunye nezicubu zomntu zinejometri ezintsonkothileyo kwaye zixhomekeke kakhulu kwisigulane. Ke ngoko, izixhobo ezineempawu ezilinganayo nezicubu ziluncedo kakhulu ekuphuhliseni iimodeli zomzimba ukuqinisekisa iimodeli zethiyori, ukwenza lula unyango oluphuculweyo, kunye neenjongo zemfundo yezonyango.
Uphuhliso lwezinto ezithambileyo ezilinganisa izicubu ukuze kufezekiswe iijiometri zesakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi lutsale ingqalelo enkulu kuba ukungangqinelani kwazo okuqhelekileyo koomatshini kunokukhokelela ekusileleni kwizicelo ekujoliswe kuzo6,7. Ukwenza imodeli ye-biomechanics entsonkothileyo yezicubu zemiphunga, edibanisa ukuthamba okugqithisileyo, ukuthamba, kunye nokuxinana kwesakhiwo, kubeka umngeni omkhulu ekuphuhliseni iimodeli ezivelisa ngokuchanekileyo imiphunga yomntu. Ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokuhambelana kweempawu zoomatshini kunye ne-radiological kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo kweemodeli zemiphunga kumanyathelo onyango. Ukuveliswa kokongeza kuye kwabonakala kusebenza ekuphuhliseni iimodeli ezithile zesigulana, okuvumela ukwenziwa ngokukhawuleza kwemizobo entsonkothileyo. UShin et al. 8 uphuhlise imodeli yemiphunga ephinda ivele, enokuguquguquka eneendlela zomoya eziprintiweyo ze-3D. UHaselaar et al. 9 uphuhlise i-phantom efana kakhulu nezigulane zokwenyani zovavanyo lomgangatho womfanekiso kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa isikhundla se-radiotherapy. UHong et al10 uphuhlise imodeli ye-CT yesifuba besebenzisa itekhnoloji yokuprinta ye-3D kunye ne-silicone casting ukuphinda ivelise amandla e-CT yezilonda ezahlukeneyo zemiphunga ukuvavanya ukuchaneka kokulinganisa. Nangona kunjalo, ezi prototypes zihlala zenziwe ngezinto ezineempawu ezisebenzayo ezahluke kakhulu kwezo zezicubu zemiphunga11.
Okwangoku, uninzi lweephantom zemiphunga zenziwe nge-silicone okanye i-polyurethane foam, ezingahambelaniyo neempawu zomatshini kunye ne-radiological ze-real lung parenchyma.12,13 Ii-alginate hydrogels ziyahambelana ne-bio kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubunjineli bezicubu ngenxa yeempawu zazo zoomatshini ezinokuhlengahlengiswa.14 Nangona kunjalo, ukuphinda uvelise ukuqina okuthambileyo, okufana ne-foam okufunekayo kwi-lung phantom exelisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuqina kunye nolwakhiwo lokuzalisa lwezicubu zemiphunga kusengumngeni wovavanyo.
Kolu phononongo, bekucingelwa ukuba izicubu zemiphunga zizinto ezithambileyo nezilinganayo. Uxinano lwezicubu zemiphunga yomntu (\(\:\rho\:\)) luxelwe ukuba yi-1.06 g/cm3, kwaye uxinano lwemiphunga evuvukileyo yi-0.26 g/cm315. Uluhlu olubanzi lwexabiso le-Young's modulus (MY) ​​lwezicubu zemiphunga lufunyenwe kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo. ULai-Fook et al. 16 balinganise i-YM yemiphunga yomntu kunye nokunyuka okufanayo kwi-0.42–6.72 kPa. UGoss et al. 17 basebenzise i-magnetic resonance elastography kwaye baxela i-YM ye-2.17 kPa. ULiu et al. 18 baxele i-YM elinganiswe ngokuthe ngqo ye-0.03–57.2 kPa. U-Ilegbusi et al. 19 baqikelela ukuba i-YM yi-0.1–2.7 kPa ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-4D CT efunyenwe kwizigulana ezikhethiweyo.
Kwiimpawu ze-radiological zemiphunga, iiparameter ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza indlela esebenza ngayo i-lung tissue kunye ne-X-rays, kubandakanya ukwakheka kwezinto ezisisiseko, uxinano lwe-electron (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), inani le-atomic elisebenzayo (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), amandla aphakathi okuvusa (\(\:I\)), i-mass attenuation coefficient (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) kunye neyunithi yeHounsfield (HU), enxulumene ngokuthe ngqo ne \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Uxinano lwee-electron \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) luchazwa njengenani lee-electron ngeyunithi nganye kwaye lubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
apho \(\:\rho\:\) bubuninzi bezinto ezikwi-g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) yi-Avogadro constant, \(\:{w}_{i}\) yi-mass fraction, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) yi-atomic number, kwaye \(\:{A}_{i}\) bubunzima be-atomic ye-i-th element.
Inombolo yeathomu inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nohlobo lonxibelelwano lwemitha ngaphakathi kwezinto. Kwiikhompawundi kunye nemixube equlethe izinto ezininzi (umz., amalaphu), kufuneka kubalwe inani leathomu elisebenzayo \(\:{Z}_{eff}\). Le fomula yacetywa nguMurthy et al. 20:
Amandla aphakathi okuvuselela \(\:I\) achaza indlela izinto ekujoliswe kuzo ezifunxa ngayo amandla e-kinetic ee-particles ezingenelayo. Ichaza kuphela iimpawu zezinto ekujoliswe kuzo kwaye ayinanto yakwenza neempawu zee-particles. \(\:I\) inokubalwa ngokusebenzisa umthetho kaBragg wokongeza:
I-mass attenuation coefficient \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ichaza ukungena kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla kwee-photons kwizinto ezijoliswe kuzo. Ingabalwa kusetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo:
Apho \(\:x\) bubukhulu bezinto, \(\:{I}_{0}\) bubunzulu bokukhanya okwenzekayo, kwaye \(\:I\) bubunzulu be-photon emva kokungena kwizinto. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) idatha ingafunyanwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) amaxabiso eengxubevange kunye neekhompawundi anokufunyanwa kusetyenziswa umthetho wokongeza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
I-HU yiyunithi esemgangathweni engenamilinganiselo yokulinganisa i-radiodensity ekutolikweni kwedatha ye-computed tomography (CT), eguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwi-attenuation coefficient elinganisiweyo \(\:\mu\:\). Ichazwa ngolu hlobo:
apho \(\:{\mu\:}_{water}\) yi-attenuation coefficient yamanzi, kwaye \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) yi-attenuation coefficient yomoya. Ke ngoko, kwifomula (6) sibona ukuba ixabiso le-HU lamanzi ngu-0, kwaye ixabiso le-HU lomoya ngu--1000. Ixabiso le-HU kwimiphunga yomntu liqala kwi--600 ukuya kwi--70022.
Kuye kwaveliswa izinto ezininzi ezilinganayo kwizicubu. UGriffith et al. 23 baphuhlise imodeli elinganayo kwizicubu zomzimba womntu eyenziwe nge-polyurethane (PU) apho kongezwa khona amanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ukuze kulinganiswe ii-coefficients ezithe ngqo zokuncitshiswa kwamalungu omzimba ahlukeneyo abantu kuquka nomphunga womntu, kwaye imodeli yathiywa igama elithi Griffith. UTaylor24 uveze imodeli yesibini elinganayo kwizicubu zemiphunga eyenziwe yiLawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), ebizwa ngokuba yiLLLL1. UTraub et al.25 baphuhlise enye indawo entsha yezicubu zemiphunga besebenzisa iFoamex XRS-272 equlethe i-5.25% CaCO3 njengesiphuculi sokusebenza, esathiywa igama elithi ALT2. Iitheyibhile 1 kunye ne-2 zibonisa uthelekiso lwe-\(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) kunye nee-coefficients zokuncitshiswa kobunzima kwimiphunga yomntu (ICRU-44) kunye neemodeli ezilinganayo kwizicubu ezingentla.
Nangona kukho iipropati ezintle ze-radiological ezifunyenweyo, phantse zonke izinto ze-phantom zenziwe nge-polystyrene foam, oko kuthetha ukuba iipropati ze-mechanical zezi zinto azinakusondela kwezo zemiphunga yomntu. I-Young's modulus (YM) ye-polyurethane foam imalunga ne-500 kPa, nto leyo engeyiyo ifanelekileyo xa ithelekiswa nemiphunga eqhelekileyo yomntu (malunga ne-5-10 kPa). Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa izinto ezintsha ezinokuhlangabezana neempawu ze-mechanical kunye ne-radiological zemiphunga yokwenyani yomntu.
IiHydrogels zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubunjineli bezicubu. Ulwakhiwo kunye neempawu zayo zifana ne-extracellular matrix (ECM) kwaye kulula ukuzilungisa. Kolu phononongo, i-sodium alginate ecocekileyo ikhethwe njengezinto eziphilayo zokulungiselela amagwebu. Ii-Alginate hydrogels ziyahambelana ne-bio kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubunjineli bezicubu ngenxa yeempawu zazo zoomatshini ezihlengahlengiswayo. Ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwe-sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n kunye nobukho beCa2+ kuvumela iimpawu zayo ze-radiological ukuba zilungiswe njengoko kufuneka. Olu dibaniso lweempawu zoomatshini ezihlengahlengiswayo kunye ne-radiological lwenza ii-alginate hydrogels zilungele uphononongo lwethu. Kakade ke, ii-alginate hydrogels nazo zinemida, ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kuzinzo lwexesha elide ngexesha lemijikelo yokuphefumla eqikelelweyo. Ke ngoko, kufuneka uphuculo olongezelelweyo kwaye kulindeleke kwizifundo ezizayo ukujongana nale mida.
Kulo msebenzi, siphuhlise i-alginate hydrogel foam material ene-rho values ​​elawulekayo, i-elasticity, kunye ne-radiological properties ezifana nezo zezicubu zemiphunga yomntu. Olu phononongo luza kubonelela ngesisombululo esibanzi sokwenza ii-phantoms ezifana nezicubu ezine-elastic kunye ne-radiological properties ezilungisekayo. Iimpawu zezinto zinokulungiswa ngokulula kuzo naziphi na izihlunu kunye nezitho zomzimba womntu.
Umlinganiselo womoya nomthamo ekujoliswe kuwo we-hydrogel foam ubalwe ngokusekelwe kuluhlu lwe-HU lwemiphunga yomntu (-600 ukuya kwi--700). Kwakucingelwa ukuba i-foam yayingumxube olula womoya kunye ne-alginate hydrogel yokwenziwa. Ukusebenzisa umthetho olula wokudibanisa izinto nganye nganye \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), iqhezu lomthamo womoya kunye nomlinganiselo womthamo we-alginate hydrogel yokwenziwa inokubalwa.
Iifoam ze-alginate hydrogel zalungiswa kusetyenziswa i-sodium alginate (Inxalenye yeNombolo W201502), i-CaCO3 (Inxalenye yeNombolo 795445, MW: 100.09), kunye ne-GDL (Inxalenye yeNombolo G4750, MW: 178.14) ezithengwe kwiSigma-Aldrich Company, eSt. Louis, MO. I-70% yeSodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) ithengwe kwiRenowned Trading LLC. Amanzi anyibilikisiweyo asetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokulungiselela i-foam. I-sodium alginate yanyibilikiswa emanzini anyibilikisiweyo kubushushu begumbi kunye nokuxuba rhoqo (600 rpm) de kwafunyanwa isisombululo esityheli esikhanyayo esifanayo. I-CaCO3 xa idibene ne-GDL yasetyenziswa njengomthombo we-Ca2+ ukuqalisa i-gelation. I-SLES 70 yasetyenziswa njenge-surfactant ukwenza isakhiwo esineembobo ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel. Uxinzelelo lwe-alginate lugcinwe kwi-5% kwaye umlinganiselo we-Ca2+:-COOH molar wagcinwa kwi-0.18. Umlinganiselo we-CaCO3:GDL molar nawo ugcinwe kwi-0.5 ngexesha lokulungiselela i-foam ukugcina i-pH engathathi hlangothi. Ixabiso liyi-26. I-2% ngomthamo we-SLES 70 yongezwe kuzo zonke iisampuli. Ibhekha enesiciko yasetyenziswa ukulawula umlinganiselo wokuxuba isisombululo nomoya. Umthamo uwonke webhekha yayiyi-140 ml. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zokubala zethiyori, imiqulu eyahlukeneyo yomxube (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) yongezwa kwibhekha ukuze ixutywe nomoya. Isampuli equlethe i-50 ml yomxube yenzelwe ukuxuba nomoya owaneleyo, ngelixa umlinganiselo womthamo womoya kwezinye iisampuli ezimbini ulawulwa. Okokuqala, i-SLES 70 yongezwa kwisisombululo se-alginate kwaye yaxutywa nge-stirrer yombane de yaxutywa ngokupheleleyo. Emva koko, i-suspension ye-CaCO3 yongezwa kumxube kwaye yaxutywa rhoqo de umxube waxutywa ngokupheleleyo, xa umbala wayo utshintshe waba mhlophe. Ekugqibeleni, isisombululo se-GDL songezwa kumxube ukuqala i-gelation, kwaye ukuxuba ngoomatshini kwagcinwa kuyo yonke inkqubo. Kwisampulu equlethe i-50 ml yomxube, ukuxutywa ngomatshini kuyekiswa xa umthamo womxube uyeka ukutshintsha. Kwisampulu equlethe i-100 ml kunye ne-110 ml yomxube, ukuxutywa ngomatshini kuyekiswa xa umxube uzalise ibheki. Sizamile nokulungiselela amagwebu e-hydrogel anomthamo ophakathi kwe-50 ml kunye ne-100 ml. Nangona kunjalo, ukungazinzi kolwakhiwo lwegwebu kuye kwabonwa, njengoko bekutshintshatshintsha phakathi kwemeko yokuxuba umoya ngokupheleleyo kunye nemeko yokulawula umthamo womoya, nto leyo ebangele ulawulo olungaguquguqukiyo lwevolumu. Oku kuzinza kwazisa ukungaqiniseki kwiibalo, kwaye ke ngoko olu luhlu lwevolumu aluzange lufakwe kolu phononongo.
Uxinano lwefoam ye-hydrogel lubalwa ngokulinganisa ubunzima besampulu yefoam ye-hydrogel kunye nomthamo wesampulu yefoam ye-hydrogel.
Imifanekiso ye-optical microscopic yee-hydrogel foams ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa ikhamera ye-Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Isoftware ye-ImageJ isetyenzisiwe ukubala inani kunye nokusasazwa kobukhulu bee-pores kwisampuli kwindawo ethile ngokusekelwe kwimifanekiso efunyenweyo. Ubume be-pore buthathwa njengesangqa.
Ukuze kufundwe iipropati zoomatshini ze-alginate hydrogel foams, kwenziwe uvavanyo lokuxinana kwe-uniaxial kusetyenziswa umatshini we-TESTRESOURCES 100 series. Iisampuli zanqunyulwa zaba ziibhloko eziziingxande kwaye ubukhulu bebhloko balinganiswa ukubala uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. Isantya se-crosshead samiselwa kwi-10 mm/min. Iisampuli ezintathu zavavanywa kwisampuli nganye kwaye ukuphambuka okuphakathi kunye nomgangatho kwabalwa kwiziphumo. Olu phononongo lugxile kwiipropati zoomatshini ezixinzelelweyo ze-alginate hydrogel foams kuba izicubu zemiphunga ziphantsi kwamandla oxinzelelo kwinqanaba elithile lomjikelo wokuphefumla. Ukwandiswa kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi ukubonisa ukuziphatha okugcweleyo kwezicubu zemiphunga kwaye oku kuya kuphandwa kwizifundo ezizayo.
Iisampulu zefoam ze-hydrogel ezilungisiweyo ziskenwe kwiskena se-CT esine-dual-channel ye-Siemens SOMATOM Drive. Iiparameter zokuskena zibekwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-40 mAs, i-120 kVp kunye nobukhulu besilayi se-1 mm. Iifayile ze-DICOM ezivelileyo zihlalutywe kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-MicroDicom DICOM Viewer ukuhlalutya amaxabiso e-HU amacandelo ama-5 anqamlezileyo esampuli nganye. Amaxabiso e-HU afunyenwe yi-CT athelekiswa nokubalwa kwethiyori ngokusekelwe kwidatha yoxinano lweesampulu.
Injongo yolu phononongo kukuguqula ukwenziwa kweemodeli zezitho zomzimba ngamnye kunye nezicubu zebhayoloji ezenziweyo ngobunjineli bezinto ezithambileyo. Ukuphuhlisa izixhobo ezineempawu zoomatshini kunye ne-radiological ezihambelana neendlela zokusebenza kwemiphunga yomntu kubalulekile kwizicelo ezijoliswe kuzo ezifana nokuphucula uqeqesho lwezonyango, ucwangciso lotyando, kunye nocwangciso lonyango lwemitha. KuMfanekiso 1A, sidwebe umahluko phakathi kweempawu zoomatshini kunye ne-radiological zezinto ezithambileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimodeli zemiphunga yomntu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuye kwaveliswa izixhobo ezibonisa iimpawu ze-radiological ezifunwayo, kodwa iimpawu zazo zoomatshini azihlangabezani neemfuno ezifunwayo. I-polyurethane foam kunye nerabha zezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni iimodeli zemiphunga yomntu eziguquguqukayo. Iimpawu zoomatshini ze-polyurethane foam (i-Young's modulus, i-YM) zihlala ziphindwe kalishumi ukuya kwi-100 kunezo zezicubu zemiphunga yomntu eziqhelekileyo. Izinto ezibonisa zombini iimpawu zoomatshini kunye ne-radiological ezifunwayo azikaziwa okwangoku.
(A) Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu zezinto ezahlukeneyo ezithambileyo kunye nokuthelekiswa nemiphunga yomntu ngokwemilinganiselo yoxinano, iipropathi ze-Young's modulus kunye ne-radiological (kwi-HU). (B) Ipatheni ye-X-ray diffraction ye-\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) i-alginate hydrogel enoxinzelelo lwe-5% kunye nomlinganiselo we-Ca2+:-COOH we-0.18. (C) Uluhlu lwemilinganiselo yomthamo womoya kwi-hydrogel foams. (D) Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu ze-alginate hydrogel foams ezinomlinganiselo womthamo womoya owahlukileyo.
Ulwakhiwo lwezinto ezisisiseko ze-alginate hydrogels ezinoxinzelelo lwe-5% kunye nomlinganiselo we-Ca2+:-COOH molar we-0.18 ubalwe, kwaye iziphumo ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 3. Ngokomthetho wokongeza kwifomyula yangaphambili (5), i-mass attenuation coefficient ye-alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ifunyenwe njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFigure 1B.
Amaxabiso omoya namanzi afunyenwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-database yemigangatho ye-NIST 12612. Ngoko ke, uMfanekiso 1C ubonisa umlinganiselo womthamo womoya obaliweyo kwiifoam ze-hydrogel ezinexabiso elilinganayo le-HU phakathi kwe--600 kunye ne--700 kwimiphunga yomntu. Umlinganiselo womthamo womoya obaliweyo ngokwethiyori uzinzile ngaphakathi kwe-60–70% kuluhlu lwamandla ukusuka kwi-1 × 10−3 ukuya kwi-2 × 101 MeV, nto leyo ebonisa amandla amahle okusetyenziswa kwefoam ye-hydrogel kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa ezisezantsi.
Umfanekiso 1D ubonisa isampulu yefoam ye-alginate hydrogel elungisiweyo. Zonke iisampuli zinqunqwe zaba ziityhubhu ezinobude obuyi-12.7 mm. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba kwenziwe ifoam ye-hydrogel elinganayo, enemilinganiselo emithathu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umlinganiselo womthamo womoya ungakanani na, akukho mahluko abalulekileyo kwimbonakalo yefoam ye-hydrogel abonwayo. Indlela ifoam ye-hydrogel ezixhasa ngayo ibonisa ukuba inethiwekhi eyenziwe ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa ubunzima befoam ngokwayo. Ngaphandle kokuvuza kwamanzi okuncinci kwifoam, ifoam ikwabonakalise ukuzinza okwethutyana kangangeeveki ezininzi.
Ngokulinganisa ubunzima kunye nomthamo wesampuli yefoam, uxinano lwefoam ye-hydrogel elungisiweyo \(\:\rho\:\) lubalwe, kwaye iziphumo ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 4. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuxhomekeka kwe \(\:\rho\:\) kumlinganiselo womthamo womoya. Xa umoya owaneleyo uxutywe ne-50 ml yesampuli, uxinano luba lolona luphantsi kwaye luyi-0.482 g/cm3. Njengoko ubungakanani bomoya oxutyiweyo buncipha, uxinano luyanda luye kwi-0.685 g/cm3. Ixabiso eliphezulu le-p phakathi kwamaqela angama-50 ml, i-100 ml kunye ne-110 ml yayiyi-0.004 < 0.05, ebonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo zeziphumo.
Ixabiso lethiyori \(\:\rho\:\) likwabalwa kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo womoya olawulwayo. Iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo zibonisa ukuba \(\:\rho\:\) incinci nge-0.1 g/cm³ kunexabiso lethiyori. Lo mahluko ungachazwa luxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluveliswa kwi-hydrogel ngexesha lenkqubo ye-gelation, ebangela ukudumba kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikhokelele ekunciphiseni \(\:\rho\:\). Oku kuqinisekiswe ngakumbi kukubonwa kwezinye izikhewu ngaphakathi kwe-hydrogel foam kwimifanekiso ye-CT eboniswe kuMfanekiso 2 (A, B kunye no-C).
Imifanekiso ye-optical microscopy yee-hydrogel foams ezine-air volume contents ezahlukeneyo (A) 50, (B) 100, kunye (C) 110. Amanani eeseli kunye nokusasazwa kobungakanani beembobo kwiisampuli ze-alginate hydrogel foam (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Umfanekiso 3 (A, B, C) ubonisa imifanekiso ye-optical microscope yeesampuli ze-hydrogel foam ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya. Iziphumo zibonisa ulwakhiwo lwe-optical lwe-hydrogel foam, ebonisa ngokucacileyo imifanekiso yee-pores ezineedayamitha ezahlukeneyo. Ukusasazwa kwenani le-pore kunye nobubanzi kubalwe kusetyenziswa i-ImageJ. Imifanekiso emithandathu ithathwe kwisampulu nganye, umfanekiso ngamnye wawunobukhulu be-1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, kwaye indawo iyonke ehlalutyiweyo kwisampulu nganye yayiyi-5.7 mm².
(A) Ukuziphatha koxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo lweefoam ze-alginate hydrogel ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya. (B) Ukufakelwa okubonakalayo. (C) Uxinzelelo lwe-E0 lweefoam ze-hydrogel ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya. (D) Uxinzelelo oluphezulu loxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lweefoam ze-alginate hydrogel ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya.
Umfanekiso 3 (D, E, F) ubonisa ukuba usasazo lobukhulu bembobo lufana kakhulu, ukusuka kwishumi lee-micrometer ukuya kwi-500 micrometers. Ubungakanani bembobo bufana kakhulu, kwaye buyancipha kancinci njengoko umthamo womoya uncipha. Ngokwedatha yovavanyo, ubungakanani bembobo obuqhelekileyo besampuli ye-50 ml yi-192.16 μm, i-median yi-184.51 μm, kwaye inani lembobo kwindawo yeyunithi yi-103; ubungakanani bembobo obuqhelekileyo besampuli ye-100 ml yi-156.62 μm, i-median yi-151.07 μm, kwaye inani lembobo kwindawo yeyunithi yi-109; amaxabiso ahambelanayo esampuli ye-110 ml yi-163.07 μm, 150.29 μm kunye ne-115, ngokwahlukeneyo. Idatha ibonisa ukuba iimbobo ezinkulu zinempembelelo enkulu kwiziphumo zezibalo zobukhulu bembobo ephakathi, kwaye ubungakanani bembobo ephakathi bunokubonisa ngcono utshintsho lwendlela yobukhulu bembobo. Njengoko umthamo wesampuli unyuka ukusuka kwi-50 ml ukuya kwi-110 ml, inani leembobo nalo liyanda. Ukudibanisa iziphumo zezibalo zobubanzi bembobo ephakathi kunye nenani lembobo, kunokugqitywa kwelokuba ngokwandisa umthamo, iimbobo ezininzi ezincinci zenziwa ngaphakathi kwesampuli.
Idatha yovavanyo loomatshini iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 4A kunye ne-4D. Umfanekiso 4A ubonisa indlela yokuziphatha koxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo lweefoam ze-hydrogel ezilungisiweyo ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba zonke iisampuli zinendlela efanayo yokuziphatha koxinzelelo olungelulo ulayini. Kwisampuli nganye, uxinzelelo luyanda ngokukhawuleza xa uxinzelelo lusanda. I-exponential curve ifakwe kwindlela yokuziphatha koxinzelelo oluxinzelelweyo lwefoam ye-hydrogel. Umfanekiso 4B ubonisa iziphumo emva kokusebenzisa umsebenzi we-exponential njengemodeli esondeleyo kwifoam ye-hydrogel.
Kwi-hydrogel foams ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya, i-compressive modulus yazo (E0) nayo ifundwe. Ngokufana nohlalutyo lwee-hydrogels, i-compressive Young's modulus iphandwe kuluhlu lwe-20% yoxinzelelo lokuqala. Iziphumo zovavanyo loxinzelelo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 4C. Iziphumo kuMfanekiso 4C zibonisa ukuba njengoko umlinganiselo womthamo womoya uncipha ukusuka kwisampulu 50 ukuya kwisampulu 110, i-compressive Young's modulus E0 ye-alginate hydrogel foam iyanda ukusuka kwi-10.86 kPa ukuya kwi-18 kPa.
Ngokufanayo, kufunyenwe ii-curves ezipheleleyo zoxinzelelo-uxinzelelo lwee-foam ze-hydrogel, kunye noxinzelelo lokugqibela loxinzelelo kunye namaxabiso oxinzelelo, kunye noxinzelelo lokugqibela loxinzelelo kunye namaxabiso oxinzelelo. Umfanekiso 4D ubonisa uxinzelelo lokugqibela loxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo lwee-foam ze-alginate hydrogel. Inqaku ngalinye ledatha liyi-avareji yeziphumo zovavanyo ezintathu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo lokugqibela loxinzelelo luyanda ukusuka kwi-9.84 kPa ukuya kwi-17.58 kPa kunye nomxholo wegesi onciphayo. Uxinzelelo lokugqibela luhlala luzinzile malunga ne-38%.
Umfanekiso 2 (A, B, kunye no-C) ubonisa imifanekiso ye-CT yeefoam ze-hydrogel ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya ehambelana neesampuli ezingama-50, 100, kunye ne-110, ngokwahlukeneyo. Imifanekiso ibonisa ukuba ifoam ye-hydrogel eyenziweyo iphantse ibe yinye. Inani elincinci lezithuba libonwe kwiisampuli ezili-100 kunye ne-110. Ukwakheka kwezi zithuba kusenokubangelwa luxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluveliswa kwi-hydrogel ngexesha lenkqubo yokugaya. Sibale amaxabiso e-HU kwiicandelo ezi-5 ezinqamlezileyo zesampuli nganye saza sawadwelisa kwiTheyibhile 5 kunye neziphumo zokubala ezihambelanayo.
Itheyibhile 5 ibonisa ukuba iisampulu ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya zifumene amaxabiso ahlukeneyo e-HU. Ixabiso eliphezulu le-p phakathi kwamaqela angama-50 ml, i-100 ml kunye ne-110 ml yayiyi-0.004 < 0.05, nto leyo ebonisa ukubaluleka kwezibalo kweziphumo. Phakathi kweesampulu ezintathu ezivavanyiweyo, isampulu enomxube we-50 ml yayineempawu ze-radiological ezikufutshane nezo zemiphunga yomntu. Ikholamu yokugqibela yeTheyibhile 5 sisiphumo esifunyenwe ngokubala ngokwethiyori ngokusekelwe kwixabiso le-foam elilinganisiweyo \(\:\rho\:\). Ngokuthelekisa idatha elinganisiweyo neziphumo zethiyori, kunokufunyaniswa ukuba amaxabiso e-HU afunyenwe nge-CT scanning ngokubanzi asondele kwiziphumo zethiyori, nto leyo eqinisekisa iziphumo zokubala umlinganiselo womthamo womoya kwiFigure 1C.
Injongo ephambili yolu phononongo kukudala izinto ezineempawu zoomatshini neze-radiological ezifana nezo zemiphunga yomntu. Le njongo ifezekiswe ngokuphuhlisa izinto ezisekelwe kwi-hydrogel ezineempawu zoomatshini neze-radiological ezilungelelaniswe kwizicubu ezikufutshane kangangoko nezo zemiphunga yomntu. Zikhokelwa zizibalo zethiyori, ii-hydrogel foams ezinemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomthamo womoya zalungiswa ngokuxuba ngoomatshini isisombululo se-sodium alginate, i-CaCO3, i-GDL kunye ne-SLES 70. Uhlalutyo lwe-morphological lubonise ukuba i-hydrogel foam eqinileyo enemilinganiselo emithathu efanayo yenziwe. Ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo womthamo womoya, uxinano kunye ne-porosity ye-foam zinokutshintsha ngokuthanda kwayo. Ngokunyuka komxholo womthamo womoya, ubungakanani be-pore buyancipha kancinci kwaye inani le-pore liyanda. Uvavanyo loxinzelelo lwenziwe ukuhlalutya iimpawu zoomatshini ze-alginate hydrogel foams. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-compressive modulus (E0) efunyenwe kwiimvavanyo zoxinzelelo ikuluhlu olufanelekileyo lwemiphunga yomntu. I-E0 iyanda njengoko umlinganiselo womthamo womoya uncipha. Amaxabiso eempawu ze-radiological (HU) zeesampulu ezilungisiweyo afunyenwe ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-CT yeesampulu kwaye athelekiswa neziphumo zokubala kwethiyori. Iziphumo bezilungile. Ixabiso elilinganisiweyo likwasondele kwixabiso le-HU lemiphunga yomntu. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza amagwebu e-hydrogel axelisa izicubu ngokudibanisa okufanelekileyo kweempawu ze-mechanical kunye ne-radiological ezilinganisa iimpawu zemiphunga yomntu.
Nangona iziphumo zithembisa, iindlela zokwenza izinto ngoku kufuneka ziphuculwe ukuze kulawulwe ngcono umlinganiselo womthamo womoya kunye ne-porosity ukuze kuhambelane noqikelelo oluvela kubalo lwethiyori kunye nemiphunga yomntu yokwenyani kwizikali zehlabathi kunye nezengingqi. Olu phononongo lwangoku lukwakhawulelwe ekuvavanyeni i-compression mechanics, ethintela ukusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka kwe-phantom kwisigaba sokucinezelwa komjikelo wokuphefumla. Uphando lwexesha elizayo luya kuzuza ngokuphanda uvavanyo lokuxinana kunye nokuzinza koomatshini ngokubanzi kwezinto ukuze kuvavanywe ukusetyenziswa okunokwenzeka phantsi kweemeko zokulayisha eziguquguqukayo. Ngaphandle kwezi mingcele, olu phononongo luphawula umzamo wokuqala ophumeleleyo wokudibanisa iipropati ze-radiological kunye ne-mechanical kwisixhobo esinye esilinganisa imiphunga yomntu.
Iiseti zedatha ezivelisweyo kunye/okanye ezihlalutyiweyo ngexesha lophando lwangoku ziyafumaneka kumbhali ohambelanayo xa kuceliwe ngokufanelekileyo. Zombini iimvavanyo kunye neeseti zedatha zinokuphinda zivele.
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