Le webhusayithi isebenzisa iikuki ukuphucula amava akho omsebenzisi. Ngokuqhubeka usebenzisa le webhusayithi, uyavumelana nomgaqo-nkqubo wethu weekuki.
Ukuba unenombolo yobulungu be-ACS, nceda uyifake apha ukuze sikwazi ukuqhagamshela le akhawunti nobulungu bakho. (Uyazikhethela)
I-ACS iyawuxabisa ubumfihlo bakho. Ngokuthumela ulwazi lwakho, ungandwendwela i-C&EN kwaye ubhalisele iindaba zethu zeveki. Sisebenzisa ulwazi olunikezelayo ukuphucula amava akho okufunda, kwaye asisayi kuze sithengise idatha yakho kumalungu eqela lesithathu.
Ngowama-2005, inkampani enkulu yempahla yabathengi iColgate-Palmolive yashiya ishishini lezicoci zokuhlamba impahla eMntla Melika ngokuthengisa iimveliso ezifana neFab kunye neDynamo kwiPhoenix Brands. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, enye inkampani enkulu yempahla yabathengi, iUnilever, yathengisa imveliso yayo yaseMelika kuquka iAll kunye neWisk kwiSun Products.
Ukuthengiswa kweshishini layo kwiinkampani ezimbini ezincinci zabucala kwenze imakethi ephezulu ye-P&G kwisepha yokuhlamba impahla eMelika iphantse yangabi nakuphikiswa. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, iProcter & Gamble ayizange ivakalise impumelelo.
Enyanisweni, ngo-2014, u-Alan G. Lafley, owayengu-CEO weProcter & Gamble (P&G) ngelo xesha, wazisola ngokurhoxa kwe-Unilever. Uthe yoyisa imarike ephakathi yemarike yesepha, nto leyo eyenza iimveliso zeP&G zigxile kakhulu kwimarike yexabiso eliphezulu, ngelixa zibonelela ngeemveliso zexabiso eliphantsi kunye nabakhuphisana nabo abathathu. IProcter & Gamble ngumthengisi weemveliso ezaziwayo ezifana neTide and Gain. Ibandakanya phantse ama-60% eshishini lesepha yokuhlamba impahla laseMelika, kodwa eli lishishini elingaguqukiyo, kwaye kukho umsantsa omkhulu wamaxabiso phakathi kweemveliso zenkampani kunye nabakhuphisana nayo.
Emva konyaka, omnye wabakhuphisana nayo, inkampani yaseJamani iHenkel, watshintsha izinto. Le nkampani yazisa isepha yayo yaseYurophu ekumgangatho ophezulu iPersil eMelika, yaqala yathengiswa kuphela yiWal-Mart, yaza yathunyelwa kwiivenkile ezifana neTarget. Ngo-2016, iHenkel yabhidanisa izinto ngakumbi ngokuthenga iiSun Products.
Ukuqaliswa kwePersil kuvuselele ishishini leesepha zokuhlamba impahla, kodwa kusenokuba kukhawuleze kunokuba uLafley ebekulindele. NgoMeyi ophelileyo, xa iphephancwadi i-“Consumer Report” lathi enye yeemveliso ezintsha zikaHenkel, iPersil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, eyona sepha yokuhlamba impahla yaseMelika isebenza kakuhle, yena kunye nabanye abaphathi beP&G kufuneka bothuke. Umsitho wokuthweswa isithsaba watyhala iTide kwindawo yesibini okokuqala kwiminyaka.
IProcter & Gamble (Chastened), iProcter & Gamble (P&G) iphinde yakha imveliso yayo yokuqala edumileyo iTide Ultra Stain Release ngo-2016. Le nkampani ithe yongeze ii-surfactants yaza yasusa amanzi athile, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho ifomyula exineneyo nexineneyo enokuphucula ukususwa kwamabala. Le magazini yathi le mveliso iphambili kuluhlu kuhlalutyo olulandelayo lweeNgxelo zaBathengi, nangona ingabalulekanga ngokwezibalo.
Iingxelo zabathengi zisandula ukudwelisa i-Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent kunye nePersil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 njengezona zisepha zokuhlamba iimpahla zibalaseleyo eMelika. I-C&EN iza kujonga izithako ezibangela le meko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nabavelisi.
Iingxelo zabathengi zisandula ukudwelisa i-Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent kunye nePersil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 njengezona zisepha zokuhlamba iimpahla zibalaseleyo eMelika. I-C&EN iza kujonga izithako ezibangela le meko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nabavelisi.
Kusekutsha kakhulu ukutsho ukuba uHenkel uza kuyichasa ngokwenene na i-P&G kubathengi baseMelika abathenga isepha yokuhlamba impahla ekumgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa ukuba iingcali zekhemikhali ze-P&G ziziva zinganelisekanga ngenxa yokungabikho kokhuphiswano, ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kupheliswa.
UShoaib Arif, umphathi weenkonzo zobuchwephesha kunye nezicelo kwiSurfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, uchaze ukuba eMelika, iTide kunye nePersil ziimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwishishini kwaye zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamanqanaba amane okusebenza. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, i-Arif kunye nezinye izazinzulu zePilot zincede iinkampani ezininzi zezixhobo zasekhaya ukuba zenze isepha entsha kunye nezinye iimveliso zokucoca.
Kwimarike engabizi kakhulu, sisicoci sesepha esingabizi kakhulu. Ngokutsho kuka-Arif, sinokuba ne-surfactant engabizi kakhulu, efana ne-linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) kunye neencasa kunye nemibala. Inqanaba elilandelayo lemveliso linokongeza izinto ezincedisayo okanye abakhi be-surfactant, ezifana ne-sodium citrate, i-tackifier kunye ne-surfactant yesibini.
I-LABS yi-anionic surfactant, ekwaziyo ukususa amasuntswana kwilaphu kwaye isebenza kakuhle kwilaphu lekotoni. I-surfactant yesibini eqhelekileyo yi-ethanol ethoxylate, i-surfactant engeyiyo ionic, esebenza ngakumbi kune-LABS, ingakumbi ekususeni amafutha kunye nokungcola kwi-fibres zokwenziwa.
Kwimaleko yesithathu, ii-formulators zingongeza ii-optical brighteners ngexabiso eliphantsi kancinci. Ezi optical brighteners zifunxa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kwaye zikhuphele kwindawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze zenze impahla ibonakale ikhanya ngakumbi. Ii-surfactants ezingcono, ii-chelating agents, ezinye izakhi kunye nee-anti-redeposition polymers zihlala zifumaneka kwi-formulations ezinjalo, ezinokubamba ukungcola emanzini okuhlamba ukuthintela ukuba kungaphinde kubekwe kwilaphu.
Iisepha ezibiza kakhulu zibonakaliswa yi-surfactant ethwala kakhulu kunye nezinye iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinye ii-surfactants, ezifana ne-alcohol sulfates, i-alcohol ethoxy sulfates, i-amine oxides, isepha ze-fatty acid kunye nee-cations. Iipolymers ezibamba umhlaba ezingaqhelekanga (ezinye zenzelwe iinkampani ezifana neProcter & Gamble kunye neHenkel) kunye nee-enzymes nazo ziwela kolu luhlu.
Nangona kunjalo, u-Arif ulumkisa ukuba ukuqokelelwa kwezithako kuzisa imingeni yako. Ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, ukwenziwa kwesepha yisayensi, kwaye iingcali zamachiza ziyazi umgangatho wezinto zamakhemikhali, njengomsebenzi womphezulu wezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-surfactants.
Wacacisa wathi: “Nangona kunjalo, yakuba le fomula iphuhlisiwe, zonke ezi zinto ziya kuchaphazelana, kwaye awunakuqikelela ukuba le fomula yokugqibela iza kwenza ntoni na.” “Kusafuneka uvavanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyasebenza ebomini bokwenyani.”
Umzekelo, ii-surfactants kunye nabakhi banokuthintela umsebenzi wee-enzyme, utshilo u-Arif. Ii-detergent formulators zingasebenzisa iziqinisi zee-enzyme (ezifana ne-sodium borate kunye ne-calcium formate) ukusombulula le ngxaki.
UFranco Pala, isazinzulu esiphambili sophando kwiBattelle's World Detergent Project, ukhankanye ukuba umxholo ophezulu we-surfactant ofumaneka kwiimveliso zesepha eziphambili nawo unokubangela iingxaki. “Akulula ukongeza ii-surfactants ezininzi kangaka ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu kangaka,” ucacise uPala. Ukunyibilika kuba yingxaki, kwaye ukusebenzisana okubi phakathi kwee-surfactants nako kuba yingxaki.
Inkqubo yeBattelle enabathengi abaninzi ekhokelwa yiPala yaqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 ngokuhlalutya ukwakheka kweemveliso eziphambili zokucoca zehlabathi. IBattelle isebenzisa uthotho lwezixhobo zesayensi ukunceda abanini beempawu kunye nababoneleli bezinto eziluhlaza ukuba badlule kuluhlu lwezithako ukuze baqonde, umzekelo, inqanaba le-ethoxylation yee-surfactants okanye ukuba umqolo we-surfactant ulungelelene okanye unamasebe.
UPara uthe namhlanje, iipolymers zingumthombo obalulekileyo wobuchule kwizithako zesepha. Umzekelo, zombini iimveliso zeTide kunye nePersil ziqulethe i-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, eyipolymer efunxa ukungcola eyenziwe yiBASF yeProcter & Gamble, kodwa ngoku ifumaneka ngokubanzi kubavelisi bezisepha.
UPala ubonise ukuba ii-copolymers ze-terephthalic acid zikwafumaneka nakwezinye iisepha ezisemgangathweni ophezulu, eziza kugubungela ilaphu ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlamba, okwenza kube lula ukususa amabala kunye nokungcola ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlamba elandelayo. I-Battelle isebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-gel permeation chromatography ukwahlula ii-polymers ize isebenzise i-infrared spectroscopy ukumisela ulwakhiwo lwazo.
Inkqubo yeBattelle ikwanika ingqalelo kwiienzymes, eziziimveliso ze-biotech abavelisi abaqhubeka beziphucula minyaka le. Ukuvavanya umsebenzi we-enzyme, iqela likaPala liveze i-enzyme kwi-substrate equlethe i-chromophore. Xa i-enzyme yonakalisa i-substrate, i-chromophore iyakhutshwa kwaye ilinganiswe nge-absorption okanye i-fluorescence spectroscopy.
Iiprotease ezihlasela iiproteni yayiziienzyme zokuqala ezongezwa kwiisepha ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960. Iienzymes ezathi kamva zongezwa kwizixhobo ziquka i-amylase, ebolisa istatshi, kunye ne-mannanase, eyonakalisa izithambisi zeguar gum. Xa ukutya okuneguar (okufana ne-ayisikhrim kunye ne-barbecue sauce) kuchithelwa kwiimpahla, i-chewing gum iya kuhlala kwiimpahla nasemva kokuhlanjwa. Ifakwa kwilaphu kwaye isetyenziswa njengeglue kumdaka oqhekekileyo, idala amabala anzima ukuwasusa.
Zombini iPersil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 kunye neTide Ultra Stain Release ziqulethe iprotease, i-amylase kunye ne-mannanase.
IPersil ikwaqulathe i-lipase (enokubola amafutha) kunye ne-cellulase (enokucocwa ngokungathanga ngqo ngokufaka i-hydrolyzing ethile kwi-cotton fiber) ukususa ukungcola okunamathele kwi-fiber. I-Cellulase inokuyithambisa ikotoni kwaye iphucule ukukhanya kwayo kombala. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokutsho kwamaxwebhu elungelo lomenzi, uphawu olukhethekileyo lwe-tidal detergent yi-glucanase, enokubola ii-polysaccharides ezingenakonakaliswa yi-amylase.
I-Novozymes kunye ne-DuPont kudala zingabavelisi abakhulu bee-enzymes, kodwa i-BASF isandula ukungena kweli shishini ngohlobo lwee-proteases. KwiNgqungquthela yeeMveliso zokucoca eyayibanjelwe eJamani ekwindla ephelileyo, i-BASF ikhuthaze ukudityaniswa kwe-protease yayo entsha kunye ne-polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, isithi lo mxube unika ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kubathengi abanqwenela ukwenza isepha zokuhlamba ngobushushu obuphantsi.
Enyanisweni, u-Arif kunye nabanye abajongi bemarike bathi ukuvumela abavelisi bezicoci ukuba benze izithako ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi okanye ukukhuselwa kwendalo kwimithombo yendalo ngumda olandelayo kushishino. NgoMeyi kunyaka ophelileyo, i-P&G yaqalisa i-Tide Purclean, uhlobo lophawu lwayo oludumileyo, apho ama-65% ezicoci avela kwizityalo. Emva koko, ngo-Okthobha, i-Unilever yathenga iSeventh Generation, umenzi wezicoci zezityalo kunye nezinye iimveliso zokucoca, ukuze iphinde ingene kwimarike yezicoci zase-US.
Nangona ukuguqula izithako ezilungileyo zibe ziisepha eziphumelele amabhaso kusoloko kuyingxaki, “umkhwa wanamhlanje uqhelekile ngakumbi,” utshilo u-Arif. “Abathengi bayabuza, ‘Sizenza njani iimveliso zendalo ezingenabungozi kangako ebantwini nakwindalo esingqongileyo, kodwa zisebenza kakuhle?’