Iifektri zesamente ezifana nale iboniswe apha zingumthombo omkhulu wekhabhoni diokside efudumeza imozulu. Kodwa ezinye zezi zinto zingcolisayo zinokuguqulwa zibe luhlobo olutsha lwepetroli. Le tyuwa inokugcinwa ngokukhuselekileyo amashumi eminyaka okanye ngaphezulu.
Eli libali elinye kuthotho olujonga ubuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nezenzo ezinokucothisa utshintsho lwemozulu, zinciphise impembelelo yalo, okanye zincede uluntu ukuba lukwazi ukumelana nehlabathi elitshintsha ngokukhawuleza.
Imisebenzi ekhupha i-carbon dioxide (CO2), igesi eqhelekileyo yokufudumala komhlaba, inegalelo ekufudumaleni komoya woMhlaba. Ingcinga yokukhupha i-CO2 emoyeni nokuyigcina ayintsha. Kodwa kunzima ukuyenza, ingakumbi xa abantu benako ukuyithenga. Inkqubo entsha isombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko lwe-CO2 ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinci. Iguqula igesi efudumeza imozulu ibe yipetroli ngokwemichiza.
Ngomhla we-15 kweyeNkanga, abaphandi abavela kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) eCambridge bapapashe iziphumo zabo ezimangalisayo kwiphephancwadi iCell Reports Physical Science.
Inkqubo yabo entsha yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini. Inxalenye yokuqala ibandakanya ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide emoyeni ibe yimolekyuli ebizwa ngokuba yi-formate ukuvelisa amafutha. Njenge-carbon dioxide, i-formate ine-atom enye yekhabhoni kunye nee-atom ezimbini zeoksijini, kunye ne-atom enye ye-hydrogen. I-Formate ikwanazo nezinye izinto ezininzi. Olu phando lutsha lusebenzise ityuwa ye-formate, efumaneka kwi-sodium okanye kwi-potassium.
Uninzi lwee-fuel cells zisebenzisa i-hydrogen, igesi evuthayo efuna imibhobho kunye neetanki ezixinzelelweyo ukuze zithuthwe. Nangona kunjalo, ii-fuel cells zinokusebenza nakwi-formate. I-Formate inamandla afana ne-hydrogen, ngokutsho kukaLi Ju, isazinzulu sezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo esakhokela uphuhliso lwenkqubo entsha. I-Formate ineenzuzo ezithile kune-hydrogen, utshilo uLi Ju. Ikhuselekile kwaye ayifuni ukugcinwa koxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Abaphandi baseMIT benze i-fuel cell ukuvavanya i-formate, abayivelisa kwi-carbon dioxide. Okokuqala, baxuba ityuwa namanzi. Emva koko umxube wondliwa kwi-fuel cell. Ngaphakathi kwi-fuel cell, i-formate ikhupha ii-electron kwi-chemical reaction. Ezi electron zaziphuma kwi-negative electrode ye-fuel cell ukuya kwi-positive electrode, zigqibezela isekethe yombane. Ezi electron zihambayo—umsinga wombane—zazikho iiyure ezingama-200 ngexesha lovavanyo.
UZhen Zhang, isazinzulu sezinto zokwakha esisebenza noLi eMIT, unethemba lokuba iqela lakhe liya kukwazi ukwandisa iteknoloji entsha kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi.
Iqela lophando le-MIT lisebenzise indlela yeekhemikhali ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe sisithako esibalulekileyo sokuvelisa amafutha. Okokuqala, bayichaphaze kwisisombululo esine-alkaline eninzi. Bakhethe i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-lye. Oku kubangela ukusabela kweekhemikhali okuvelisa i-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-baking soda.
Emva koko bavula umbane. Umbane wabangela impendulo entsha yeekhemikhali eyahlulahlula yonke iathom yeoksijini kwimolekyuli yesoda yokubhaka, ishiya i-sodium formate (NaCHO2). Inkqubo yabo yaguqula phantse yonke ikhabhoni kwi-CO2 — ngaphezulu kwama-96 ekhulwini — yaba yile tyuwa.
Amandla afunekayo ukususa ioksijini agcinwa kwiibhondi zeekhemikhali ze-formate. UNjingalwazi uLi uqaphele ukuba i-formate ingagcina la mandla amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngamandla anokubakho. Emva koko ivelisa umbane xa idlula kwiseli yamafutha. Ukuba umbane osetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-formate uvela kumandla elanga, omoya okanye ombane wamanzi, umbane oveliswa yiseli yamafutha uya kuba ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo.
Ukwandisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha, uLee uthe, “sidinga ukufumana imithombo etyebileyo yejoloji ye-lye.” Wafunda uhlobo lwelitye elibizwa ngokuba yi-alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Xa lixutywe namanzi, la matye ajika abe yi-lye.
UFarzan Kazemifar yinjineli kwiYunivesithi yaseSan Jose State eCalifornia. Uphando lwakhe lugxile ekugcineni i-carbon dioxide kwiindawo ezinetyuwa engaphantsi komhlaba. Ukususa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni bekusoloko kunzima kwaye ngenxa yoko kubiza kakhulu, utsho. Ngoko ke kunenzuzo ukuguqula i-CO2 ibe ziimveliso ezisebenzisekayo ezifana ne-formate. Ixabiso lemveliso linokunciphisa iindleko zemveliso.
Kukho uphando oluninzi olwenziweyo malunga nokubamba i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Umzekelo, iqela lezazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseLehigh kutshanje lichaze enye indlela yokucoca i-carbon dioxide emoyeni kwaye liyiguqule ibe yi-baking soda. Amanye amaqela ophando agcina i-CO2 kumatye akhethekileyo, ayiguqula ibe yi-carbon eqinileyo enokulungiswa ibe yi-ethanol, i-alcohol fuel. Uninzi lwale projekthi luncinci kwaye alukabi nefuthe elikhulu ekunciphiseni amanqanaba aphezulu e-carbon dioxide emoyeni.
Lo mfanekiso ubonisa indlu eqhuba i-carbon dioxide. Esi sixhobo siboniswe apha siguqula i-carbon dioxide (iimolekyuli ezikwiibhamu ezibomvu nezimhlophe) zibe yityuwa ebizwa ngokuba yi-formate (iibhamu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezibomvu, ezimhlophe nezimnyama). Le tyuwa ingasetyenziswa kwiseli yamafutha ukuvelisa umbane.
UKazemifar uthe eyona ndlela ilungileyo esinokukhetha kuyo “kukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ukufudumala komhlaba kuqala.” Enye indlela yokwenza oko kukutshintsha amafutha efosili ngemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengomoya okanye ilanga. Oku kuyinxalenye yenguquko izazinzulu eziyibiza ngokuba “kukususa igesi evuthayo.” Kodwa wongeze ngelithi ukunqanda utshintsho lwemozulu kuya kufuna indlela ebanzi. Le teknoloji intsha iyadingeka ukuze kubanjwe ikhabhoni kwiindawo ezinzima ukususa igesi evuthayo, utshilo. Thatha iifektri zesinyithi nezesamente, ukubala imizekelo emibini.
Iqela le-MIT likwabona iingenelo zokudibanisa ubuchwepheshe babo obutsha namandla elanga nawomoya. Iibhetri zemveli zenzelwe ukugcina amandla kangangeeveki ngexesha. Ukugcina ilanga lasehlotyeni ebusika okanye ixesha elide kufuna indlela eyahlukileyo. “Nge-formate fuel,” utshilo uLee, awusakhawulelwanga nakwindawo yokugcina ixesha elithile. “Isenokuba yeyokudala.”
Isenokungakhazimli njengegolide, kodwa “Ndingashiya iitoni ezingama-200… ze-formate koonyana bam neentombi zam,” utshilo uLee, “njengelifa.”
I-alkaline: Isichazi esichaza into yekhemikhali eyenza ii-ion ze-hydroxide (OH-) kwisisombululo. Ezi zisombululo zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-alkaline (ngokuchaseneyo ne-acidic) kwaye zine-pH engaphezulu kwe-7.
I-Aquifer: Ilitye elinokugcina amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Eli gama likwasebenza nakwizitya ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
IBasalt: Ilitye elimnyama lentaba-mlilo elihlala lixinene kakhulu (ngaphandle kokuba ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kushiye iipakethe ezinkulu zegesi kulo).
ikhonkco: (kwikhemistri) unxibelelwano oluhlala ixesha elide phakathi kweeathom (okanye amaqela eeathom) kwimolekyuli. Lwenziwa ngamandla anomtsalane phakathi kweeathom ezithatha inxaxheba. Nje ukuba iibhondi zenziwe, iiathom zisebenza njengeyunithi. Ukwahlula iiathom eziyinxalenye, amandla ngendlela yobushushu okanye eminye imitha kufuneka anikwe iimolekyuli.
Ikhabhoni: Yinto yekhemikhali esisiseko sayo yonke into ephilayo eMhlabeni. Ikhabhoni ikhona ngokukhululekileyo ngohlobo lwegrafiti nedayimani. Yinto ebalulekileyo yamalahle, ilimestone, kunye nepetroleum, kwaye iyakwazi ukuzidibanisa ngokwekhemikhali ukuze yenze iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemolekyuli zexabiso lekhemikhali, lebhayoloji, nelezorhwebo. (Kuphando lwemozulu) Igama elithi ikhabhoni ngamanye amaxesha lisetyenziswa phantse ngokutshintshana nekhabhoni diokside ukubhekisa kwimpembelelo enokubakho yesenzo, imveliso, umgaqo-nkqubo, okanye inkqubo ekufudumaleni komoya ixesha elide.
I-Carbon dioxide: (okanye i-CO2) yigesi engenambala, engenavumba eveliswa zizilwanyana zonke xa ioksijini eziyiphefumlayo idibana nokutya okutyebileyo kwi-carbon. I-Carbon dioxide ikwakhutshwa xa izinto eziphilayo, kuquka amafutha efosili afana neoyile okanye igesi yendalo, zitshiswa. I-Carbon dioxide yigesi yegreenhouse ebamba ubushushu emoyeni woMhlaba. Izityalo ziguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe yioksijini ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis kwaye zisebenzisa le nkqubo ukwenza ukutya kwazo.
Isamente: Isihlanganisi esisetyenziselwa ukubamba izinto ezimbini kunye, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ziqine zibe yinto eqinileyo, okanye iglu etyebileyo esetyenziselwa ukubamba izinto ezimbini kunye. (Ulwakhiwo) Yinto ecoliweyo kakuhle esetyenziselwa ukubopha isanti okanye ilitye elicoliweyo kunye ukwenza ikhonkrithi. Isamente idla ngokwenziwa njengomgubo. Kodwa xa imanzi, ijika ibe ludaka oluqinileyo xa lomile.
Ikhemikhali: Into eyenziwe ngeeathom ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezidityanisiweyo (ezibotshelelweyo) ngokwesilinganiselo esimiselweyo kunye nolwakhiwo. Umzekelo, amanzi yinto yekhemikhali eyenziwe ngeeathom ezimbini zehydrogen ezibotshelelweyo kwiathom enye yeoksijini. Ifomyula yayo yekhemikhali yi-H2O. Igama elithi “Chemical” lingasetyenziswa njengesichazi ukuchaza iimpawu zento ebangelwa ziimpendulo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kweekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo.
Ikhonkco leekhemikhali: Amandla okutsalana phakathi kweeathom anamandla ngokwaneleyo okwenza ukuba izinto ezidibeneyo zisebenze njengeyunithi. Ezinye izinto ezitsalanayo zibuthathaka, ezinye zinamandla. Zonke iikhonkco zibonakala zidibanisa iiathom ngokwabelana (okanye ukuzama ukwabelana) ngeee-elektroni.
Ukusabela kweekhemikhali: Inkqubo equka ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kweemolekyuli okanye izakhiwo zento endaweni yokutshintsha imo ebonakalayo (umz., ukusuka kwi-solid ukuya kwi-gas).
Ikhemistri: lisebe lesayensi elifunda ukwakheka, ulwakhiwo, iimpawu, kunye nokusebenzisana kwezinto. Izazinzulu zisebenzisa olu lwazi ukufunda izinto ezingaziwayo, ukuvelisa izinto eziluncedo ngobuninzi, okanye ukuyila nokudala izinto ezintsha eziluncedo. (zeekhompawundi zeekhemikhali) Ikhemistri ikwabhekisa kwifomyula yekhompawundi, indlela elungiswa ngayo, okanye ezinye zeempawu zayo. Abantu abasebenza kweli candelo babizwa ngokuba ziingcali zekhemistri. (kwisayensi yezentlalo) amandla abantu okusebenzisana, ukudibana, nokonwabela ukuba kunye.
Utshintsho lwemozulu: Utshintsho olukhulu noluhlala ixesha elide kwimozulu yoMhlaba. Oku kungenzeka ngokwendalo okanye ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, kuquka ukutshisa amafutha efosili kunye nokususa amahlathi.
Ukususa icarbonization: kubhekisa ekutshintsheni ngabom ukusuka kwiiteknoloji, imisebenzi, kunye nemithombo yamandla engcolisayo ekhupha iigesi ezisebenzisa i-carbon-based greenhouse, ezifana ne-carbon dioxide kunye ne-methane, ziye emoyeni. Injongo kukunciphisa ubungakanani beegesi ze-carbon ezinegalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu.
Umbane: Ukuhamba kwetshaja yombane, okuhlala kubangelwa kukuhamba kweesuntswana ezitshaja kakubi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-electron.
I-electron: yisuntswana etshajiswe kakubi edla ngokujikeleza ummandla ongaphandle we-athomu; ikwangumthwali wombane kwizinto eziqinileyo.
Injineli: Umntu osebenzisa isayensi nezibalo ukusombulula iingxaki. Xa lisetyenziswa njengesenzi, igama elithi injineli libhekisa ekuyileni isixhobo, izinto, okanye inkqubo yokusombulula ingxaki okanye imfuno engafezekiswanga.
I-Ethanol: Utywala, obukwabizwa ngokuba yi-ethyl alcohol, obusisiseko seziselo ezinxilisayo ezifana nebhiya, iwayini, kunye notywala obunxilisayo. Ikwasetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi kunye namafutha (umzekelo, idla ngokuxutywa nepetroli).
Isihluzi: (n.) Into evumela ezinye izinto ukuba zidlule kwaye ezinye zidlule, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bazo okanye ezinye iimpawu. (v.) Inkqubo yokukhetha izinto ezithile ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezifana nobukhulu, ubuninzi, itshaja, njl.njl. (kwifiziksi) Isikrini, ipleyiti, okanye umaleko wento efunxa ukukhanya okanye eminye imitha okanye ethintela ngokukhetha ezinye zezixhobo zayo ukuba zingadluli.
I-Formate: Igama eliqhelekileyo leetyuwa okanye ii-esters ze-formic acid, uhlobo lwe-oxidized ye-fatty acid. (I-ester yi-compound esekwe kwi-carbon eyenziwe ngokutshintsha ii-athomu ze-hydrogen ze-asidi ezithile ngeentlobo ezithile zamaqela e-organic. Amafutha amaninzi kunye nee-oyile ezibalulekileyo zii-esters ze-fatty acids ezenzeka ngokwendalo.)
I-fossil fuel: Nasiphi na i-fuel, efana namalahle, i-petroleum (i-oyile ekrwada), okanye igesi yendalo, eyadalwa kwiminyaka eyi-2000 ngaphakathi eMhlabeni ngenxa yeentsalela ezibolayo zeebhaktheriya, izityalo, okanye izilwanyana.
Ipetroli: Nasiphi na isithako esikhupha amandla nge-chemical reaction elawulwayo okanye i-nuclear reaction. Ipetroli yefossil (amalahle, igesi yendalo, kunye neoyile) zipetroli eziqhelekileyo ezikhupha amandla nge-chemical reactions xa zishushu (ngesiqhelo ukuya kwinqanaba lokutsha).
Iseli yepetroli: Sisixhobo esiguqula amandla eekhemikhali abe ngamandla ombane. Amafutha aqhelekileyo yihydrogen, ekuphela kwemveliso ephuma kuyo ngumphunga wamanzi.
I-Geology: Isichazi esichaza yonke into enxulumene nolwakhiwo loMhlaba, izinto zawo, imbali, kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka kuwo. Abantu abasebenza kweli candelo babizwa ngokuba ziingcali ze-geology.
Ukufudumala kwehlabathi: Ukunyuka kancinci kancinci kobushushu bomhlaba ngenxa yempembelelo yegreenhouse. Isiphumo sibangelwa kukwanda kwamanqanaba ekhabhoni diokside, iiklorofluorocarbons, kunye nezinye iigesi emoyeni, uninzi lwazo ezikhutshwa yimisebenzi yabantu.
I-Hydrogen: Eyona nto ilula kwindalo iphela. Njengegesi, ayinambala, ayinavumba, kwaye iyatsha kakhulu. Yinxalenye yamafutha amaninzi, amafutha, kunye neekhemikhali ezenza izicwili eziphilayo. Iqulathe iproton (i-nucleus) kunye ne-electron eyijikeleza.
Ukuqamba izinto ezintsha: (v. ukwenza izinto ezintsha; isihlomelo sokwenza izinto ezintsha) Ukulungiswa okanye ukuphuculwa kwengcinga, inkqubo, okanye imveliso ekhoyo ukuze ibe ntsha, ibe krelekrele, isebenze ngakumbi, okanye ibe luncedo ngakumbi.
I-Lye: Igama eliqhelekileyo lesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide (NaOH). I-Lye idla ngokuxutywa neeoyile zemifuno okanye amafutha ezilwanyana kunye nezinye izithako ukwenza isepha yeebha.
Isazinzulu sezinto: Umphandi ofunda ubudlelwane phakathi kwesakhiwo seathomu kunye nemolekyuli yezinto kunye neempawu zaso zizonke. Izazinzulu zezinto zinokuphuhlisa izinto ezintsha okanye zihlalutye ezikhoyo. Ukuhlalutya iimpawu zizonke zezinto, ezinje ngoxinano, amandla, kunye nendawo yokunyibilika, kunokunceda iinjineli kunye nabanye abaphandi ukuba bakhethe izixhobo ezilungileyo kwizicelo ezintsha.
Imolekyuli: Iqela leeathom ezingathathi cala ngombane ezimele inani elincinci kakhulu leekhemikhali. Iimolekyuli zinokwenziwa ngohlobo olunye lweathom okanye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeathom. Umzekelo, ioksijini esemoyeni yenziwe ngeeathom ezimbini zeoksijini (O2), kwaye amanzi enziwe ngeeathom ezimbini zehydrogen kunye neathom enye yeoksijini (H2O).
Ungcoliseko: Yinto engcolisa into ethile, njengomoya, amanzi, abantu, okanye ukutya. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisa izinto ziikhemikhali, ezifana nezibulali zinambuzane. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisa izinto zingaba yimitha, kuquka ubushushu obugqithisileyo okanye ukukhanya. Kwanokhula nezinye iintlobo ezihlaselayo zinokuthathwa njengohlobo lwe-biofouling.
Amandla: Isichazi esibhekisa kwinto enamandla kakhulu okanye enamandla (njengentsholongwane, ityhefu, amayeza, okanye i-asidi).
Ivuseleleka: Isichazi esibhekisa kumthombo onokutshintshwa ngokungenammiselo (njengamanzi, izityalo eziluhlaza, ukukhanya kwelanga, nomoya). Oku kwahlukile kwizinto ezingavuselelekiyo, ezinomthombo onqongopheleyo kwaye zinokupheliswa ngempumelelo. Izinto ezingavuselelekiyo ziquka ioyile (kunye nezinye izinto ezinamafutha efosili) okanye izinto ezinqabileyo kunye neeminerali.