URayna Singhvi Jain une-aleji kwiinyosi. Intlungu ebukhali emlenzeni wakhe yamthintela ekusebenzeni iiveki ezininzi.
Kodwa oko akuzange kumthintele lo somashishini wezentlalo oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala kwinjongo yakhe yokusindisa ezi zinambuzane zibalulekileyo, ezinabemi bazo abanciphayo kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Malunga nama-75 ekhulwini ezityalo zehlabathi zixhomekeke, ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye, kwizinto ezithumela impova ezifana neenyosi. Ukuwa kwazo kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yethu yendalo. “Silapha namhlanje ngenxa yeenyosi,” utshilo uJane. “Ziyintsika yenkqubo yethu yezolimo, izityalo zethu. Ngenxa yazo sinokutya.”
UJane, intombi yabaphambukeli baseIndiya abahlala eConnecticut, uthi abazali bakhe bamfundisa ukuxabisa ubomi, nokuba buncinci kangakanani na. Uthe ukuba kukho imbovane endlwini, baza kumxelela ukuba ayikhuphele ngaphandle ukuze iphile.
Ngoko ke xa uJane wayetyelele i-apiary ngo-2018 waza wabona inqwaba yeenyosi ezifileyo, waba nomdla wokwazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. Oko wakufumanisayo kwammangalisa.
“Ukuncipha kweenyosi kubangelwa zizinto ezintathu: iincukuthu, izibulali-zinambuzane kunye nokungondleki kakuhle,” utshilo uSamuel Ramsey, uprofesa wezifundo zezinambuzane kwi-Institute of Biological Frontiers kwiYunivesithi yaseColorado eBoulder.
Kwi-Ps ezintathu, eyona nto inegalelo elikhulu zi-parasites, utshilo uRamsey, ingakumbi uhlobo lwe-mite ebizwa ngokuba yiVarroa. Yafunyanwa okokuqala e-United States ngo-1987 kwaye ngoku inokufumaneka phantse kuzo zonke izindlu zendlu kulo lonke ilizwe.
URamsey kuphando lwakhe waphawula ukuba iingcongconi zitya izibilini zeenyosi, nto leyo eyenza zibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kwezinye iingcongconi, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni inkqubo yazo yomzimba yokuzikhusela kunye nokukwazi ukugcina izondlo. Ezi ngcongconi zinokusasaza iintsholongwane ezibulalayo, ziphazamise ukubhabha, kwaye ekugqibeleni zibangele ukufa kweekoloni zonke.
Ephefumlelwe ngutitshala wakhe wesayensi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, uJain waqala ukukhangela izisombululo zokuphelisa ukusasazeka kwezinambuzane ze-varroa kunyaka wakhe wokugqibela. Emva kokuzama iimpazamo ezininzi, weza neHiveGuard, i-notch eprintiweyo ye-3D egqunywe sisibulali-zinambuzane esingenabungozi kwizityalo esibizwa ngokuba yi-thymol.
“Xa inyosi idlula emnyango, i-thymol ikhuhlwa emzimbeni wenyosi kwaye uxinano lokugqibela lubulala i-varroa mite kodwa lushiye inyosi ingenzakalanga,” utshilo uJane.
Abafuyi beenyosi abamalunga nama-2,000 bebevavanya esi sixhobo ukususela ngoMatshi 2021, kwaye uJane uceba ukusikhupha ngokusesikweni kamva kulo nyaka. Idatha ayiqokeleleyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ibonisa ukwehla kwama-70% kosulelo lwezinambuzane ze-varroa kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokufakwa ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi exeliweyo.
I-Thymol kunye nezinye izinto ezibangela ukubulala iintsholongwane zendalo ezifana ne-oxalic acid, i-formic acid, kunye ne-hops zifakwa ngaphakathi kwi-hive kwii-strips okanye kwiitreyi ngexesha lokucubungula okuqhubekayo. Kukwakho nezinto ezincedisayo zokwenziwa, ezisebenza ngakumbi kodwa ziyonakalisa ngakumbi imeko-bume, utshilo uRamsey. Ubulela uJane ngobuchule bakhe bokudala isixhobo esisebenzisa kakhulu impembelelo kwizinambuzane ngelixa ekhusela iinyosi kunye nokusingqongileyo kwimiphumo emibi.
Iinyosi zobusi ziphakathi kwezona zisasaza impova zisebenza kakuhle emhlabeni. Igalelo lazo liyadingeka kwiintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-130 zeziqhamo, imifuno kunye namandongomane, kuquka ii-almond, ii-cranberries, i-zucchini kunye nee-avokhado. Ngoko ke kwixesha elizayo xa uluma iapile okanye usela ikofu, konke oku kungenxa yeenyosi, utshilo uJane.
Isithathu sesithathu sokutya esikutyayo sisengozini njengoko ingxaki yemozulu isongela ubomi bamabhabhathane neenyosi.
I-USDA iqikelela ukuba eMelika kuphela, iinyosi zifumana impova yezityalo ezixabisa i-$15 yeebhiliyoni ngonyaka. Uninzi lwezi zityalo luvundiswa yiinkonzo zeenyosi ezilawulwayo ezinikezelwa kulo lonke ilizwe. Njengoko kubiza kakhulu ukukhusela inani leenyosi, ezi nkonzo nazo ziya zibiza kakhulu, utshilo uRamsey, nto leyo echaphazela ngokungathanga ngqo amaxabiso abathengi.
Kodwa i-Food and Agriculture Organisation yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ilumkisa ngelithi ukuba inani leenyosi liyaqhubeka nokuncipha, owona mphumo umbi uya kuba sisongelo esikhulu kumgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lokutya.
IHiveGuard yenye yeendlela uJane asebenzisa ngayo iingcamango zorhwebo ukuxhasa iinyosi. Ngo-2020, waseka inkampani yezongezo zempilo iQueen Bee, ethengisa iziselo ezinempilo ezineemveliso zeenyosi ezifana nobusi kunye ne-royal jelly. Yonke ibhotile ethengiswayo ityalwe ngomthi we-pollinator ngokusebenzisa iTree for the Future, umbutho ongenzi nzuzo osebenzisana neentsapho zabalimi kumazantsi eSahara eAfrika.
“Ithemba lam elikhulu ngendalo kukubuyisela ulungelelwano nokuphila ngokuvisisana nendalo,” utshilo uJane.
Ukholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka, kodwa kuya kufuneka ingcingane yamaqela. “Abantu banokufunda okuninzi kwiinyosi njengolwakhiwo lwentlalo,” wongezelela.
"Indlela ababenokusebenzisana ngayo, indlela ababenokuxhobisa ngayo kunye nendlela ababenokuzincama ngayo ukuze kuphuhliswe ikoloni."
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