Eli nqaku liyinxalenye yomxholo wophando othi “Ukusetyenziswa kwee-antimicrobial, ukumelana nee-antimicrobial kunye ne-microbiome yezilwanyana zokutya”. Jonga onke amanqaku ali-13
Ii-asidi ze-organic ziyaqhubeka zifunwa kakhulu njengezongezo kwisondlo sezilwanyana. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ingqwalasela ibikukhuseleko lokutya, ingakumbi ukunciphisa ukwanda kwezifo ezibangelwa kukutya kwiinkukhu nakwezinye izilwanyana. Ii-asidi ezininzi ze-organic zifundwa ngoku okanye sele zisetyenziswa kurhwebo. Phakathi kwee-asidi ezininzi ze-organic eziye zafundwa ngokubanzi, i-asidi ye-formic yenye yazo. I-asidi ye-formic yongezwa kwizidlo zeenkukhu ukunciphisa ubukho be-Salmonella kunye nezinye izifo ezibangelwa kukutya kwisondlo nakwindlela yokugaya emva kokuyitya. Njengoko ukuqonda ukusebenza kunye nempembelelo ye-asidi ye-formic kwi-host kunye ne-pathogens yokutya kukhula, kuyacaca ukuba ubukho be-asidi ye-formic bunokubangela iindlela ezithile kwi-Salmonella. Le mpendulo inokuba nzima ngakumbi xa i-asidi ye-formic ingena kwindlela yokugaya kwaye isebenzisana kungekuphela nje ne-Salmonella esele iqokelela indlela yokugaya kodwa kunye ne-microbial flora yamathumbu. Uphononongo luza kuhlola iziphumo zangoku kunye namathuba ophando olongezelelweyo kwi-microbiome yenkukhu kunye nokutya okunyangwe nge-asidi ye-formic.
Kwimveliso yemfuyo neyeenkukhu, umngeni kukuphuhlisa amaqhinga olawulo aphucula ukukhula kunye nemveliso ngelixa kunciphisa umngcipheko wokhuseleko lokutya. Ngokwembali, ukunikezelwa kwee-antibiotics kumanqanaba angaphantsi konyango kuye kwaphucula impilo yezilwanyana, impilo-ntle, kunye nemveliso (1–3). Ngokwembono yendlela yokusebenza, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba ii-antibiotics ezinikezelwa kumanqanaba angaphantsi kokuthintela zilawula iimpendulo zomninimzi ngokuguqula izityalo zesisu (GI) kwaye, ngokulandelayo, ukusebenzisana kwazo nomninimzi (3). Nangona kunjalo, inkxalabo eqhubekayo malunga nokusasazeka okunokwenzeka kwezifo ezibangelwa kukutya ezinganyangekiyo ngamayeza kunye nokudibana kwazo nosulelo olunganyangekiyo ngamayeza ebantwini kukhokelele ekuyekeni kancinci kancinci ukusetyenziswa kwee-antibiotic kwizilwanyana zokutya (4–8). Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lwezongezo zokutya kunye nezinto eziphuculayo ezihlangabezana ubuncinane nezinye zezi mfuno (impilo yezilwanyana ephuculweyo, impilo-ntle, kunye nemveliso) lunomdla omkhulu kuphando lwezemfundo kunye nophuhliso lwezorhwebo (5, 9). Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezongezo zokutya zorhwebo zingene kwimarike yokutya kwezilwanyana, kubandakanya ii-probiotics, ii-prebiotics, ii-oyile ezibalulekileyo kunye neekhompawundi ezinxulumene nazo ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yezityalo, kunye neekhemikhali ezifana ne-aldehydes (10–14). Ezinye izongezo zokutya ezithengiswayo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkukhu ziquka ii-bacteriophages, i-zinc oxide, ii-enzymes zangaphandle, iimveliso zokukhupha ezikhuphisanayo, kunye nee-acidic compounds (15, 16).
Phakathi kwezongezo zokutya zeekhemikhali ezikhoyo, ii-aldehydes kunye nee-organic acids bezisoloko zizezona zinto zifundwayo nezisetyenziswa kakhulu (12, 17–21). Ii-organic acids, ingakumbi ii-short-chain fatty acids (ii-SCFA), zizinto ezichasene kakhulu neebhaktheriya ezibangela izifo. Ezi asidi ze-organic zisetyenziswa njengezongezo zokutya kungekuphela nje ukunciphisa ubukho bee-pathogens kwi-feed matrix kodwa nokuba nefuthe elisebenzayo kumsebenzi we-gastrointestinal (17, 20–24). Ukongeza, ii-SCFA ziveliswa ngokubiliswa yi-intestinal flora kwindlela yokugaya ukutya kwaye kucingelwa ukuba zidlala indima yobuchule kubuchule bezinye ii-probiotics kunye nee-prebiotics ukulwa nee-pathogens ezityiweyo kwindlela yokugaya ukutya (21, 23, 25).
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ii-fatty acids ezahlukeneyo ze-short-chain fatty (SCFAs) ziye zatsala ingqalelo enkulu njengezongezo zokutya. Ngokukodwa, ii-propionate, i-butyrate, kunye ne-formate bezingumxholo wezifundo ezininzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Ngelixa izifundo zokuqala zigxile ekulawuleni iintsholongwane zokutya kwizilwanyana nakwiinkukhu, izifundo zakutshanje ziye zatshintshela ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwezilwanyana kunye nempilo yesisu (20, 21, 24). I-Acetate, i-propionate, kunye ne-butyrate ziye zatsala ingqalelo enkulu njengezongezo zokutya ze-organic acid, phakathi kwazo i-formic acid nayo ikwangumviwa othembisayo (21, 23). Ingqwalasela enkulu iye yajoliswa kwiinkalo zokhuseleko lokutya kwe-formic acid, ngakumbi ukunciphisa ukwanda kwezifo zokutya kwizilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, kukwaqwalaselwa nezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa. Injongo iyonke yolu phononongo kukuhlola imbali kunye nemeko yangoku ye-formic acid njengophuculo lokutya kwemfuyo (Umfanekiso 1). Kolu phononongo, siza kuhlola indlela yokulwa neentsholongwane ye-formic acid. Ukongeza, siza kujonga ngokusondeleyo imiphumo yayo kwimfuyo nakwiinkukhu size sixoxe ngeendlela ezinokwenzeka zokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo.
Umzobo 1. Imephu yengqondo yezihloko ezigutyungelwe kolu phononongo. Ngokukodwa, ezi njongo ziphambili zilandelayo zigxile kuzo: ukuchaza imbali kunye nemeko yangoku ye-formic acid njengesiphuculi sokutya kwemfuyo, iindlela zokulwa neentsholongwane ze-formic acid kunye nempembelelo yokusetyenziswa kwayo kwimpilo yezilwanyana kunye neenkukhu, kunye neendlela ezinokubakho zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
Ukuveliswa kokutya kwemfuyo kunye neenkukhu ngumsebenzi onzima obandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi, kuquka ukulungiswa ngokwasemzimbeni kweenkozo (umz., ukugaywa ukuze kuncitshiswe ubungakanani beesuntswana), ukulungiswa kobushushu ukuze kugaywe iipellets, kunye nokongezwa kwezondlo ezininzi ekutyeni kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zesondlo sesilwanyana (27). Ngenxa yolu bunzima, akumangalisi ukuba ukulungiswa kokutya kuveza iinkozo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo ngaphambi kokuba zifike kwindawo yokugaywa kokutya, ngexesha lokugaywa, kwaye emva koko ngexesha lokuthuthwa nokondliwa kwizabelo zokutya ezidityanisiweyo (9, 21, 28). Ke ngoko, kwiminyaka edlulileyo, iqela elahlukeneyo leentsholongwane liye lachongwa ekutyeni, kuquka kungekuphela nje iibhaktheriya kodwa neebhakteriophages, iifungi, kunye negwele (9, 21, 28–31). Ezinye zezi zinto zingcolisayo, ezifana neefungi ezithile, zinokuvelisa ii-mycotoxins ezibeka umngcipheko kwimpilo yezilwanyana (32–35).
Amanani eebhaktheriya anokwahluka kwaye axhomekeke kwinqanaba elithile kwiindlela ezisetyenziswayo zokwahlula kunye nokuchonga iintsholongwane kunye nomthombo wesampulu. Umzekelo, iprofayili yokwakheka kweentsholongwane inokwahluka ngaphambi konyango lobushushu oluhambelana nokufakwa kweepellet (36). Nangona inkcubeko yakudala kunye neendlela zokubeka iipleyiti zibonelele ngolwazi oluthile, ukusetyenziswa kwakutshanje kwendlela ye-16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) kubonelele ngovavanyo olupheleleyo loluntu lwe-forage microbiome (9). Xa uSolanki et al. (37) behlola i-bacterial microbiome yeengqolowa zengqolowa ezigcinwe ixesha elithile phambi kwe-phosphine, i-fumigant yokulawula izinambuzane, bafumanise ukuba i-microbiome yayahluke kakhulu emva kokuvuna nasemva kweenyanga ezi-3 zokugcina. Ngaphezu koko, uSolanki et al. (37) (37) babonise ukuba iiProteobacteria, iiFirmicutes, iiActinobacteria, iiBacteroidetes, kunye neePlanctomyces zezona phyla ziphambili kwiinkozo zengqolowa, iBacillus, iErwinia, kunye neePseudomonas zezona genera ziphambili, kwaye iEnterobacteriaceae yayiyinxalenye encinci. Ngokusekelwe kuthelekiso lwe-taxonomic, bagqibe kwelokuba i-phosphine fumigation itshintshe kakhulu inani leebhaktheriya kodwa ayizange ichaphazele ukuhlukahluka kweefungus.
USolanki nabanye (37) babonise ukuba imithombo yokutya inokuba neentsholongwane zokutya ezinokubangela iingxaki zempilo yoluntu ngokusekelwe ekufumaneni i-Enterobacteriaceae kwi-microbiome. Iintsholongwane zokutya ezifana neClostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, kunye neListeria monocytogenes ziye zanxulunyaniswa nokutya kwezilwanyana kunye ne-silage (9, 31, 38). Ukuqhubeka kwezinye iintsholongwane zokutya ekutyeni kwezilwanyana kunye neenkukhu okwangoku akwaziwa. UGe nabanye (39) bahlole izithako zokutya kwezilwanyana ezingaphezu kwama-200 kunye neSalmonella, E. coli, kunye ne-Enterococci ezizimeleyo, kodwa abazange bafumane i-E. coli O157:H7 okanye iCampylobacter. Nangona kunjalo, ii-matrices ezifana nokutya okomileyo zinokusebenza njengomthombo we-E. coli ebangela izifo. Ekulandeleni umthombo wokuqhambuka kwe-Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 kunye ne-O26 edibene nesifo sabantu ngo-2016, uCrowe et al. (40) basebenzise i-whole-genome sequencing ukuthelekisa ii-clinical isolates kunye nee-isolates ezifunyenwe kwimveliso yokutya. Ngokusekelwe kolu thelekiso, bagqibe kwelokuba umthombo onokwenzeka yayingumgubo wengqolowa oluhlaza omanzi omncinci ovela kwii-flour mills. Umthamo ophantsi wokufuma komgubo wengqolowa ubonisa ukuba i-STEC inokuphila nakwisondlo sezilwanyana esimanzi kancinci. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uCrowe et al. (40) ephawula, ukwahlulwa kwe-STEC kwiisampulu zomgubo kunzima kwaye kufuna iindlela zokwahlula i-immunomagnetic ukuze kubuyiselwe inani elaneleyo leeseli zebhaktiriya. Iinkqubo ezifanayo zokuxilonga zinokwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa kunye nokwahlulwa kwezifo ezingaqhelekanga ezifumaneka ekutyeni kwezilwanyana. Ubunzima bokufumanisa bunokubangelwa kukuhlala ixesha elide kwezi zifo kwi-matrices ezimanzi kancinci. Forghani et al. (41) babonise ukuba umgubo wengqolowa ogcinwe kubushushu begumbi kwaye ufakwe i-incosis ngomxube we-enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, kunye ne-O145 kunye neSalmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, kunye ne-S. Anatum) wawunokulinganiswa kwiintsuku ezingama-84 kunye ne-112 kwaye usabonakala kwiiveki ezingama-24 kunye ne-52.
Ngokwembali, iCampylobacter ayizange yahlulwe kwizilwanyana kunye nokutya kweenkukhu ngeendlela zemveli zokukhulisa (38, 39), nangona iCampylobacter inokwahlulwa ngokulula kwindlela yokugaya yenkukhu kunye neemveliso zeenkukhu (42, 43). Nangona kunjalo, ukutya kusenezibonelelo zayo njengomthombo onokubakho. Umzekelo, uAlves et al. (44) babonise ukuba ukugonywa kokutya kweenkukhu okutyetyisiweyo ngeC. jejuni kunye nokugcinwa kokutya emva koko kumaqondo obushushu amabini ahlukeneyo kangangeentsuku ezi-3 okanye ezi-5 kubangele ukubuyiselwa kweC. jejuni esebenzayo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kwanokwanda kwayo. Bagqibe kwelokuba iC. jejuni ngokuqinisekileyo inokuphila kwisondlo seenkukhu kwaye, ke ngoko, inokuba ngumthombo onokubakho wosulelo kwiinkukhu.
Ungcoliseko lweSalmonella lokutya kwezilwanyana neenkukhu luye lwafumana ingqwalasela enkulu kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye luhlala lugxile kwimizamo eqhubekayo yokuphuhlisa iindlela zokufumanisa ezisebenza ngokukodwa ekutyeni nasekufumaneni amanyathelo okulawula asebenzayo ngakumbi (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, izifundo ezininzi ziye zahlola ukwahlulwa kunye nokuchazwa kweSalmonella kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokutya kunye neefektri zokutya (38, 39, 54–61). Ngokubanzi, ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba iSalmonella inokwahlulwa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezithako zokutya, imithombo yokutya, iintlobo zokutya, kunye nemisebenzi yokuvelisa ukutya. Amazinga okuxhaphaka kunye nee-serotypes zeSalmonella eziphambili nazo zahlukile. Umzekelo, uLi et al. (57) baqinisekisile ukubakho kweSalmonella spp. Yafunyanwa kwi-12.5% ​​​​yeesampulu ezingama-2058 eziqokelelwe kwizondlo zezilwanyana ezipheleleyo, izithako zokutya, ukutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya, ukutya kwezilwanyana zasekhaya, kunye nezongezelelo zezilwanyana zasekhaya ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwedatha ukusuka ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2009. Ukongeza, ii-serotypes eziqhelekileyo ezifunyenwe kwi-12.5% ​​yeesampuli zeSalmonella ezivavanywe zathi zine-HIV yayiyi-S. Senftenberg kunye ne-S. Montevideo (57). Kuphononongo lokutya okulungele ukutyiwa kunye neemveliso zokutya kwezilwanyana eTexas, uHsieh et al. (58) baxele ukuba ukwanda okuphezulu kweSalmonella kwakukwi-fishmeal, kulandele iiproteni zezilwanyana, apho uS. Mbanka kunye no-S. Montevideo bezona serotypes ziqhelekileyo. Ii-feed mills nazo zibonisa amanqaku amaninzi anokubakho okungcoliswa kokutya ngexesha lokuxuba nokongeza izithako (9, 56, 61). UMagossi et al. (61) bakwazile ukubonisa ukuba amanqaku amaninzi okungcoliswa anokwenzeka ngexesha lokuveliswa kokutya e-United States. Enyanisweni, uMagossi et al. (61) bafumene ubuncinane inkcubeko enye yeSalmonella entle kwii-feed mills ezili-11 (indawo ezili-12 zokuthatha iisampulu zizonke) kumazwe asibhozo e-United States. Ngenxa yokuba kukho amathuba okungcoliswa yiSalmonella ngexesha lokuphathwa kokutya, ukuthuthwa, kunye nokondliwa imihla ngemihla, akumangalisi ukuba kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu yokuphuhlisa izongezo zokutya ezinokunciphisa nokugcina amanqanaba aphantsi ongcoliso lweentsholongwane kulo lonke umjikelo wemveliso yezilwanyana.
Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nendlela esabela ngayo iSalmonella kwi-formic acid. Nangona kunjalo, uHuang et al. (62) ubonise ukuba i-formic acid ikhona emathunjini amancinci ezilwanyana ezincancisayo kwaye iSalmonella spp. inako ukuvelisa i-formic acid. UHuang et al. (62) basebenzise uthotho lwee-deletion mutants zeendlela eziphambili ukufumanisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-Salmonella virulence genes kwaye bafumanise ukuba i-formate inokusebenza njengomqondiso osasazekayo wokubangela iSalmonella ukuba ihlasele iiseli ze-epithelial zeHep-2. Kutshanje, uLiu et al. (63) bahlukanise i-formate transporter, iFocA, kwiSalmonella typhimurium esebenza njengetshaneli ethile ye-formate kwi-pH 7.0 kodwa inokusebenza njengetshaneli yokuthumela ngaphandle kwi-pH ephezulu yangaphandle okanye njengetshaneli yesibini esebenzayo ye-formate/hydrogen ion kwi-pH ephantsi. Nangona kunjalo, olu phononongo lwenziwe kwi-serotype enye kuphela ye-S. Typhimurium. Umbuzo uhlala uhleli ukuba zonke ii-serotypes ziphendula kwi-formic acid ngeendlela ezifanayo. Lo ngumbuzo obalulekileyo wophando ekufuneka ujongwane nawo kwizifundo ezizayo. Nokuba iziphumo zithini na, kusengqiqweni ukusebenzisa ii-serotypes ezininzi zeSalmonella okanye iintlobo ezininzi ze-serotype nganye kwiimvavanyo zokuhlola xa kusenziwa iingcebiso ngokubanzi zokusetyenziswa kwezongezo ze-asidi ukunciphisa amanqanaba eSalmonella ekutyeni. Iindlela ezintsha, ezinje ngokusebenzisa i-genetic barcoding ukufaka ii-strains ukwahlula amaqela ahlukeneyo e-serotype efanayo (9, 64), zinika ithuba lokuqonda umahluko omncinci onokuchaphazela izigqibo kunye nokutolikwa komahluko.
Uhlobo lwekhemikhali kunye nohlobo lokuhlukana kwe-formate lunokuba lubalulekile. Kuluhlu lwezifundo, uBeyer et al. (65–67) babonise ukuba ukuthintelwa kwe-Enterococcus faecium, iCampylobacter jejuni, kunye neCampylobacter coli kwakunxulumene nobungakanani be-dissociated formic acid kwaye kwakuxhomekeke kwi-pH okanye i-unissociated formic acid. Uhlobo lwekhemikhali lwe-formate apho iibhaktheriya zibonakala khona nalo lubonakala lubalulekile. UKovanda et al. (68) bahlolisise izinto eziphilayo ezininzi ze-Gram-negative kunye ne-Gram-positive kwaye bathelekisa ubuncinci be-inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ze-sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) kunye nomxube we-sodium formate kunye ne-free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso e-MIC, bafumanise ukuba i-sodium formate yayithintela kuphela i-Campylobacter jejuni, i-Clostridium perfringens, i-Streptococcus suis, kunye ne-Streptococcus pneumoniae, kodwa kungekhona i-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella typhimurium, okanye i-Enterococcus faecalis. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umxube we-sodium formate kunye ne-free sodium formate yayithintela zonke izinto eziphilayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ababhali ukuba bagqibe kwelokuba i-free formic acid inezona mpawu zininzi zokulwa ne-antimicrobial. Kuya kuba nomdla ukuhlola umlinganiselo owahlukileyo wezi ntlobo zimbini zeekhemikhali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba uluhlu lwamaxabiso e-MIC luhambelana na nenqanaba le-formic acid ekhoyo kwifomyula exutyiweyo kunye nempendulo kwi-100% formic acid.
UGomez-Garcia et al. (69) bavavanye indibaniselwano yeeoyile ezibalulekileyo kunye nee-organic acids (ezifana ne-formic acid) ngokuchasene nee-isolates ezininzi ze-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella, kunye ne-Clostridium perfringens ezifunyenwe kwiihagu. Bavavanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwee-organic acids ezintandathu, kuquka i-formic acid, kunye nee-essential oils ezintandathu ngokuchasene nee-isolates zeehagu, besebenzisa i-formaldehyde njengolawulo oluhle. UGomez-García et al. (69) bafumanise i-MIC50, i-MBC50, kunye ne-MIC50/MBC50 ye-formic acid ngokuchasene ne-Escherichia coli (600 kunye ne-2400 ppm, 4), i-Salmonella (600 kunye ne-2400 ppm, 4), kunye ne-Clostridium perfringens (1200 kunye ne-2400 ppm, 2), phakathi kwazo i-formic acid yafunyanwa isebenza ngakumbi kunee-organic acids zonke ngokuchasene ne-E. coli kunye ne-Salmonella. (69) I-Formic acid iyasebenza ngokuchasene ne-Escherichia coli kunye ne-Salmonella ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci beemolekyuli kunye nochungechunge olude (70).
UBeyer nabanye bahlole iintlobo zeCampylobacter ezahlulwe kwiihagu (66) kunye neentlobo zeCampylobacter jejuni ezahlulwe kwiinkukhu (67) baza babonisa ukuba i-formic acid iyahlukana xa ithelekiswa neempendulo ze-MIC ezilinganiswe kwezinye ii-organic acids. Nangona kunjalo, amandla ahambelanayo ezi acids, kuquka i-formic acid, athandabuzeki kuba iCampylobacter ingasebenzisa ezi acids njengezinto ezisetyenziswayo (66, 67). Ukusetyenziswa kwe-asidi yeC. jejuni akumangalisi kuba ibonakalisiwe ukuba ine-nonglycolytic metabolism. Ke ngoko, iC. jejuni inomthamo omncinci we-carbohydrate catabolism kwaye ixhomekeke kwi-gluconeogenesis evela kwi-amino acids kunye nee-organic acids uninzi lwe-energy metabolism yayo kunye nomsebenzi we-biosynthetic (71, 72). Uphononongo lokuqala lukaLine nabanye (73) lusebenzise uluhlu lwe-phenotypic oluqulathe imithombo ye-carbon eyi-190 kwaye lubonise ukuba iC. jejuni 11168(GS) inokusebenzisa ii-organic acids njengemithombo ye-carbon, uninzi lwazo ziphakathi komjikelo we-triccarboxylic acid. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zikaWagli nabanye. (74) kusetyenziswa uluhlu lwe-phenotypic carbon useation array kubonise ukuba iintlobo ze-C. jejuni kunye ne-E. coli ezihlolwe kuphando lwazo ziyakwazi ukukhula kwi-organic acids njengomthombo wekhabhoni. I-Formate ngumnikeli omkhulu we-electron kwi-metabolism yamandla okuphefumla e-C. jejuni kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ngumthombo omkhulu wamandla e-C. jejuni (71, 75). I-C. jejuni iyakwazi ukusebenzisa i-formate njengomnikeli we-hydrogen nge-membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex edibanisa i-formate kwi-carbon dioxide, ii-protons, kunye nee-electron kwaye isebenza njengomnikeli we-electron wokuphefumla (72).
I-asidi ye-formic inembali ende yokusetyenziswa njengesithambisi sokutya esilwa neentsholongwane, kodwa ezinye izinambuzane zinokuvelisa i-asidi ye-formic ukuze isetyenziswe njengekhemikhali yokukhusela iintsholongwane. URossini et al. (76) bacebise ukuba i-asidi ye-formic isenokuba yinxalenye yencindi ye-asidi yeembovane echazwe nguRay (77) phantse kwiminyaka engama-350 eyadlulayo. Ukususela ngoko, ukuqonda kwethu ukuveliswa kwe-asidi ye-formic kwiimbovane nakwezinye izinambuzane kuye kwanda kakhulu, kwaye ngoku kuyaziwa ukuba le nkqubo yinxalenye yenkqubo yokukhusela ityhefu entsonkothileyo kwizinambuzane (78). Amaqela ahlukeneyo ezinambuzane, kuquka iinyosi ezingenazinyo, iimbovane ezitsolo (Hymenoptera: Apidae), iimbovane zomhlaba (Galerita lecontei kunye no-G. janus), iimbovane ezingenazinyo (Formicinae), kunye nezinye iimbungu zeemoth (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), zaziwa ngokuvelisa i-asidi ye-formic njengekhemikhali yokukhusela (76, 78–82).
Iimbovane mhlawumbi zezona zibalaseleyo kuba zine-acidocytes, iindawo ezikhethekileyo ezizivumela ukuba zitshize ityhefu eyenziwe ikakhulu yi-formic acid (82). Iimbovane zisebenzisa i-serine njengesandulela kwaye zigcina inani elikhulu le-formate kwi-venom glands yazo, ezigqunywe ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela iimbovane ezihlala kuzo kwi-cytotoxicity ye-formate ide itshizwe (78, 83). I-formic acid eziyikhuphayo inokuthi (1) isebenze njenge-alamu ye-pheromone ukutsala ezinye iimbovane; (2) ibe yikhemikhali yokuzikhusela kubakhuphisana nabo kunye nezilwanyana ezizingelayo; kwaye (3) isebenze njenge-antifungal kunye ne-antibacterial agent xa idityaniswe ne-resin njengenxalenye yezinto zendlwane (78, 82, 84–88). I-formic acid eveliswa ziimbovane ineempawu zokulwa ne-antimicrobial, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ingasetyenziswa njengesongezelelo sendawo. Oku kuboniswe nguBruch et al. (88), abongeze i-synthetic formic acid kwi-resin kwaye baphucula kakhulu umsebenzi we-antifungal. Ubungqina obungakumbi bokusebenza kwe-formic acid kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwibhayoloji kukuba ii-anteater ezinkulu, ezingakwaziyo ukuvelisa i-acid esiswini, zitya iimbovane ezine-formic acid ukuze zizinike i-concentrated formic acid njenge-asidi yokugaya ukutya (89).
Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-formic acid kwezolimo kuye kwaqwalaselwa kwaye kwafundwa iminyaka emininzi. Ngokukodwa, i-formic acid ingasetyenziswa njengesongezelelo kwisondlo sezilwanyana kunye ne-silage. I-sodium formate kwimo eqinileyo neyolwelo ithathwa njengekhuselekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana, abathengi kunye nokusingqongileyo (90). Ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwabo (90), uxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-10,000 mg ye-formic acid equivalents/kg yokutya luthathwe njengekhuselekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana, ngelixa uxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-12,000 mg ye-formic acid equivalents/kg yokutya luthathwe njengekhuselekileyo kwiihagu. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-formic acid njengesiphuculi sokutya kwezilwanyana kuye kwafundwa iminyaka emininzi. Kuthathwa njengexabiso lorhwebo njengesigcini se-silage kunye ne-arhente yokulwa namagciwane ekutyeni kwezilwanyana nakwiinkukhu.
Izongezo zeekhemikhali ezifana nee-asidi bezisoloko ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-silage kunye nolawulo lokutya (91, 92). UBorreani et al. (91) baqaphele ukuba ukuze kufezekiswe imveliso efanelekileyo ye-silage esemgangathweni ophezulu kuyimfuneko ukugcina umgangatho weforoji ngelixa kugcinwa izinto ezomileyo ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Isiphumo solu phuculo kukunciphisa ilahleko kuzo zonke izigaba zenkqubo yokungenisa: ukusuka kwiimeko zokuqala ze-aerobic kwisilo ukuya ekuvuthweni okulandelayo, ukugcinwa kunye nokuvulwa kwakhona kwesilo ukuze sondliwe. Iindlela ezithile zokuphucula imveliso ye-silage yasentsimini kunye nokuvutshelwa kwe-silage okulandelayo kuxoxwe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha kwenye indawo (91, 93-95) kwaye azizukuxoxwa ngokweenkcukacha apha. Ingxaki ephambili kukuwohloka kwe-oxidative okubangelwa yi-yeast kunye ne-molds xa i-oksijini ikhona kwisiloji (91, 92). Ke ngoko, ii-innoculants zebhayoloji kunye nezongezo zeekhemikhali ziye zaziswa ukulwa nemiphumo emibi yokonakala (91, 92). Ezinye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kusenziwa izongezo ze-silage ziquka ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwezifo ezinokuba khona kwi-silage (umz., i-E. coli ebangela izifo, iListeria, kunye neSalmonella) kunye nefungi evelisa i-mycotoxin (96–98).
UMack et al. (92) bahlule izongezo ze-asidi kwiindidi ezimbini. Ii-asidi ezifana ne-propionic, i-acetic, i-sorbic, kunye ne-benzoic acids zigcina uzinzo lwe-aerobic ye-silage xa ​​zinikwa izilwanyana ezitya inyama ngokunciphisa ukukhula kwe-yeast kunye ne-molds (92). UMack et al. (92) bahlukanise i-formic acid kwezinye ii-asidi kwaye bayithatha njenge-asidi ethe ngqo ethintela ii-clostridia kunye ne-spoilage microorganisms ngelixa begcina ukuthembeka kweproteni ye-silage. Ngokwenyani, iifom zabo zetyuwa zezona fom zekhemikhali zixhaphakileyo ukuphepha iipropati ezirhabaxa ze-asidi kwifom engeyiyo ityuwa (91). Amaqela amaninzi ophando nawo afunde i-formic acid njengesongezo se-asidi kwi-silage. I-Formic acid yaziwa ngokukwazi kwayo ngokukhawuleza ukwenza i-asidi kunye nefuthe layo lokuthintela ukukhula kwee-microorganisms ezinobungozi ze-silage ezinciphisa umxholo weproteni kunye ne-carbohydrate enyibilikayo emanzini (99). Ke ngoko, uHe et al. (92) uthelekise i-formic acid kunye nezongezo ze-asidi kwi-silage. (100) babonise ukuba i-formic acid inokuthintela i-Escherichia coli kwaye yehlise i-pH ye-silage. Iinkcubeko zeebhaktheriya ezivelisa i-formic kunye ne-lactic acid nazo zongezwa kwi-silage ukukhuthaza i-acidification kunye nemveliso ye-organic acid (101). Enyanisweni, uCooley et al. (101) bafumanise ukuba xa i-silage ifakwa i-acid nge-3% (w/v) formic acid, ukuveliswa kwe-lactic kunye ne-formic acid kudlule i-800 kunye ne-1000 mg ye-organic acid/100 g isampulu, ngokulandelelana. UMack et al. (92) baphonononge uncwadi lophando lwe-silage additive ngokweenkcukacha, kubandakanya nezifundo ezipapashwe ukusukela ngo-2000 ezigxile kwi-formic acid kunye/okanye eziquka i-formic acid kunye nezinye ii-acids. Ke ngoko, olu phononongo aluyi kuxoxa ngezifundo zomntu ngamnye ngokweenkcukacha kodwa luza kushwankathela nje amanqaku athile aphambili malunga nokusebenza kwe-formic acid njenge-chemical silage additive. Zombini i-formic acid engafakwanga buffer kunye ne-buffered ziye zafundwa kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi i-Clostridium spp. Imisebenzi yayo enxulumene nayo (i-carbohydrate, iproteni, kunye nokutsalwa kwe-lactate kunye nokukhutshelwa kwe-butyrate) idla ngokuncipha, ngelixa ukuveliswa kwe-ammonia kunye ne-butyrate kuncipha kwaye ukugcinwa kwezinto ezomileyo kuyanda (92). Kukho imida ekusebenzeni kwe-formic acid, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengesongezelelo se-silage kunye nezinye ii-asidi kubonakala ngathi kuyazoyisa ezinye zezi ngxaki (92).
I-asidi ye-formic inokuthintela iibhaktheriya ezibangela umngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu. Umzekelo, uPauly noTam (102) bafake ii-silos ezincinci zelebhu ezine-L. monocytogenes eziqulathe amanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo e-dry matter (200, 430, kunye ne-540 g/kg) ye-ryegrass baze bongezelelwa nge-formic acid (3 ml/kg) okanye i-lactic acid bacteria (8 × 105/g) kunye nee-enzymes ze-cellulolytic. Baxele ukuba zombini ezi ndlela zonyango zinciphise i-L. monocytogenes ukuya kumanqanaba angafumanekiyo kwi-low dry matter silage (200 g/kg). Nangona kunjalo, kwi-medium dry matter silage (430 g/kg), i-L. monocytogenes yayisafumaneka emva kweentsuku ezingama-30 kwi-formic acid-treated silage. Ukuncipha kwe-L. monocytogenes kwabonakala kunxulunyaniswa ne-pH ephantsi, i-lactic acid, kunye nee-acids ezidibeneyo ezingadibaniyo. Umzekelo, uPauly noTam (102) baqaphele ukuba i-lactic acid kunye namanqanaba e-acid angadibaniyo adibeneyo abaluleke kakhulu, nto leyo esenokuba sisizathu sokuba kungabikho kuncipha kwe-L. monocytogenes okubonwe kwi-formic acid-treated media evela kwi-silages enomxholo ophezulu wokomisa. Izifundo ezifanayo kufuneka zenziwe kwixesha elizayo kwezinye iintsholongwane ze-silage ezifana neSalmonella kunye ne-pathogenic E. coli. Uhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwe-16S rDNA sequence yoluntu lonke lwe-silage microbial lunokunceda ekuchongeni utshintsho kuluntu lwe-silage microbial oluqhelekileyo olwenzeka kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuvutshelwa kwe-silage phambi kwe-formic acid (103). Ukufumana idatha ye-microbiome kunokubonelela ngenkxaso yohlalutyo ukuze kuqikelelwe ngcono inkqubela yokuvutshelwa kwe-silage kunye nokuphuhlisa iindibaniselwano ezifanelekileyo zokongeza ukugcina umgangatho ophezulu we-silage.
Kwizilwanyana ezitya ukutya okusekwe kwiinkozo, i-formic acid isetyenziswa njenge-antimicrobial agent ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-pathogen kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zokutya okuphuma kwiinkozo kunye nezithako ezithile zokutya ezifana neemveliso zezilwanyana. Iziphumo kumanani e-pathogen kwiinkukhu nakwezinye izilwanyana zinokwahlulwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini: iziphumo ezithe ngqo kumanani e-pathogen yokutya ngokwako kunye neziphumo ezingathanga ngqo kwii-pathogens ezihlala kwindlela yesisu yezilwanyana emva kokutya ukutya okunyangiweyo (20, 21, 104). Ngokucacileyo, ezi ndidi zimbini zinxulumene, njengoko ukuncipha kwe-pathogens ekutyeni kufanele kubangele ukuncipha kokuhlala kwezilwanyana xa isilwanyana sitya ukutya. Nangona kunjalo, iipropati ze-antimicrobial ze-asidi ethile eyongezwe kwi-matrix yokutya zinokuchatshazelwa zizinto ezininzi, njengokwakheka kokutya kunye nefom apho i-asidi yongezwa khona (21, 105).
Ngokwembali, ukusetyenziswa kwe-formic acid kunye nezinye ii-asidi ezinxulumene noko kugxile kakhulu ekulawulweni ngokuthe ngqo kweSalmonella ekutyeni kwezilwanyana kunye neenkukhu (21). Iziphumo zezi zifundo zishwankathelwe ngokweenkcukacha kwiingxelo ezininzi ezipapashwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), ngoko ke ezinye zeziphumo eziphambili ezivela kwezi zifundo zixutyushwa kolu phononongo. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba umsebenzi we-antimicrobial we-formic acid kwi-feed matrices uxhomekeke kwidosi kunye nexesha lokuvezwa kwi-formic acid, umxholo womswakama we-feed matrix, kunye noxinzelelo lweebhaktheriya ekutyeni nakwindlela yesisu yesilwanyana (19, 21, 107–109). Uhlobo lwe-feed matrix kunye nomthombo wezithako zokutya kwezilwanyana nazo zizinto ezinempembelelo. Ke ngoko, izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba amanqanaba eSalmonella Iityhefu zebhaktheriya ezikhutshwe kwimveliso yezilwanyana zinokuhluka kwezo zahlulwe kwimveliso yezityalo (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Nangona kunjalo, umahluko kwimpendulo kwiiasidi ezifana ne-formic acid unokunxulunyaniswa nomahluko ekusindeni kwe-serovar ekutyeni kunye nobushushu apho ukutya kucutshungulwa khona (19, 113, 114). Umahluko kwimpendulo ye-serovar kunyango lwe-asidi unokuba yinto ebangela ukungcoliswa kweenkukhu ngokutya okungcolileyo (113, 115), kwaye umahluko kwi-virulence gene expression (116) nawo unokudlala indima. Umahluko kwi-asidi enganyamezeliyo unokuchaphazela ukubonwa kweSalmonella kwi-culture media ukuba ii-acids ezithwalwa zizilwanyana azithintelwanga ngokwaneleyo (21, 105, 117–122). Uhlobo lomzimba lokutya (ngokwesayizi yamasuntswana) lunokuchaphazela nokufumaneka kwe-formic acid kwindlela yokugaya ukutya (123).
Amaqhinga okuphucula umsebenzi we-antimicrobial we-formic acid eyongezwe ekutyeni nawo abalulekile. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-asidi luye lwacetyiswa kwizithako zokutya ezingcolisa kakhulu ngaphambi kokuxuba ukutya ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo onokubakho kwizixhobo zomatshini wokutyisa kunye neengxaki zokutyiwa kokutya kwezilwanyana (105). UJones (51) ugqibe kwelokuba iSalmonella ekhoyo ekutyeni ngaphambi kokucoca ngamakhemikhali kunzima ukuyilawula kuneSalmonella xa idibana nokutya emva konyango ngamakhemikhali. Unyango olushushu lokutya ngexesha lokucubungula kwi-feed mill luye lwacetyiswa njengongenelelo lokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kweSalmonella kokutya, kodwa oku kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo lokutya, ubungakanani bamasuntswana, kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokusila (51). Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial wee-asidi nawo uxhomekeke kubushushu, kwaye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu xa kukho ii-organic acids anokuba nefuthe lokuthintela iSalmonella, njengoko kubonwe kwiinkcubeko ezingamanzi zeSalmonella (124, 125). Izifundo ezininzi zokutya okungcoliswe yiSalmonella zixhasa ingcamango yokuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anyusa ukusebenza kwee-asidi kwi-feed matrix (106, 113, 126). U-Amado et al. (127) basebenzise uyilo oluphakathi oludityanisiweyo ukufunda ukusebenzisana kobushushu kunye ne-asidi (i-formic okanye i-lactic acid) kwiintlobo ezili-10 zeSalmonella enterica kunye ne-Escherichia coli ezithathwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutya kweenkomo zaza zafakwa kwi-acidified pellets zeenkomo. Bagqibe kwelokuba ubushushu yeyona nto iphambili echaphazela ukunciphisa iintsholongwane, kunye ne-asidi kunye nohlobo lwe-bacterial isolate. Isiphumo sokusebenzisana kunye ne-asidi sisalawula, ngoko ke amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kunye noxinzelelo lwe-asidi angasetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, baqaphele nokuba iziphumo zokusebenzisana azizange zibonwe rhoqo xa kusetyenziswa i-formic acid, nto leyo eyabakhokelela ekubeni bakrokre ukuba ukuguquguquka kwe-formic acid kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu okanye iziphumo zokubutha ze-feed matrix components zizinto ezibangela oku.
Ukunciphisa ixesha lokutya ngaphambi kokuba kutyiswe izilwanyana yindlela enye yokulawula ukungena kwezifo ezibangelwa kukutya emzimbeni wesilwanyana ngexesha lokutya. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-asidi ekutyeni ingenile kwindlela yokugaya, isenokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa umsebenzi wayo wokulwa neentsholongwane. Umsebenzi wokulwa neentsholongwane wezinto ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezilawulwa ngaphandle kwindlela yokugaya unokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukuxinana kwe-asidi yesisu, indawo esebenzayo kwindlela yokugaya, i-pH kunye nomxholo we-oksijini kwindlela yokugaya, ubudala besilwanyana, kunye nokwakheka kweentsholongwane ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezibangelwa zizifo (okuxhomekeke kwindawo yokugaya kunye nokuvuthwa kwesilwanyana) (21, 24, 128–132). Ukongeza, inani leentsholongwane ezihlala apho ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezifumaneka kwindlela yokugaya (eziba zibalaseleyo kwindlela yokugaya esezantsi yezilwanyana ezinesifo esinye xa zikhula) zivelisa ii-organic acids ngokuvundisa, nto leyo enokuba nefuthe elichaseneyo kwiintsholongwane ezidlulayo ezingena kwindlela yokugaya (17, 19–21).
Uninzi lophando lwangaphambili lugxile ekusebenziseni ii-organic acids, kuquka i-formate, ukunciphisa i-Salmonella kwindlela yokugaya ukutya kwenkukhu, nto leyo exoxwe ngayo ngokweenkcukacha kwiingxelo ezininzi (12, 20, 21). Xa ezi zifundo ziqwalaselwe kunye, kunokwenziwa iingqwalasela ezibalulekileyo ezininzi. UMcHan noShotts (133) baxele ukuba ukondla i-formic kunye ne-propionic acid kunciphisa amanqanaba e-Salmonella Typhimurium kwi-cecum yeenkukhu ezifakwe i-bacteria kwaye bazilinganisela kwiintsuku ezi-7, 14, kunye ne-21 ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, xa uHume et al. (128) bejonga i-propionate ene-C-14, bagqiba kwelokuba i-propionate encinci kakhulu ekutyeni inokufikelela kwi-cecum. Kusafuneka kugqitywe ukuba oku kuyinyani na nakwi-formic acid. Nangona kunjalo, kutshanje uBourassa et al. (134) baxele ukuba ukondla i-formic kunye ne-propionic acid kunciphisa amanqanaba eSalmonella Typhimurium kwi-cecum yeenkukhu ezifakwe i-bacteria, ezalinganiswa kwiintsuku ezi-7, 14, kunye nama-21 ubudala. (132) baqaphele ukuba ukondla i-formic acid kwi-4 g/t kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ngexesha lokukhula kweeveki ezi-6 kunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-S. Typhimurium kwi-cecum ukuya ngaphantsi kwenqanaba lokufunyanwa.
Ukubakho kwe-formic acid ekutyeni kunokuba nefuthe kwezinye iindawo zendlela yokugaya ukutya kweenkukhu. U-Al-Tarazi kunye no-Alshavabkeh (134) babonise ukuba umxube we-formic acid kunye ne-propionic acid unokunciphisa ungcoliseko lwe-Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) kwisityalo kunye ne-cecum. UThompson noHinton (129) baqaphele ukuba umxube we-formic acid kunye ne-propionic acid ofumaneka kurhwebo wonyusa uxinano lwee-acid zombini kwisityalo kunye ne-gizzard kwaye wawubulala iintsholongwane kwi-Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 kwimodeli ye-in vitro phantsi kweemeko zokukhulisa ezimeleyo. Le ngcamango ixhaswa yidatha ye-in vivo evela ku-Bird et al. (135) yongeze i-formic acid emanzini okusela eenkukhu ze-broiler ngexesha lokuzila ukutya okulinganisiweyo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, okufana neenkukhu ze-broiler zokuzila ukutya ezidlulayo ngaphambi kokuba zithuthwe ziye kwisityalo sokucubungula iinkukhu. Ukongezwa kwe-formic acid emanzini okusela kubangele ukwehla kwenani le-S. Typhimurium kwisivuno nakwi-epididymis, kunye nokwehla kobuninzi bezityalo ze-S. Typhimurium-positive, kodwa kungekhona kwinani le-epididymis entle (135). Uphuhliso lweenkqubo zokuhambisa ezinokukhusela ii-organic acids ngelixa zisebenza kwindlela esezantsi yesisu kunokunceda ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Umzekelo, i-microencapsulation ye-formic acid kunye nokongezwa kwayo kwisondlo kubonisiwe ukunciphisa inani le-Salmonella Enteritidis kwi-cecal content (136). Nangona kunjalo, oku kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesilwanyana. Umzekelo, uWalia et al. (137) abazange babone ukwehla kwe-Salmonella kwi-cecum okanye kwi-lymph nodes yeehagu ezineentsuku ezingama-28 ubudala ezityiswe umxube we-formic acid, i-citric acid, kunye nee-essential oil capsules, kwaye nangona ukuphuma kwe-Salmonella kwindle kuncitshisiwe ngosuku lwe-14, akuzange kuncitshiswe ngosuku lwama-28. Babonise ukuba ukudluliselwa kwe-Salmonella ngokuthe tye phakathi kweehagu kuthintelwe.
Nangona izifundo ze-formic acid njenge-arhente yokulwa neentsholongwane ekukhuliseni izilwanyana zigxile kakhulu kwiSalmonella efumaneka ekutyeni, kukwakho nezinye izifundo ezijolise kwezinye iintsholongwane zesisu. Izifundo ze-in vitro ezenziwe nguKovanda et al. (68) zibonisa ukuba i-formic acid inokuba luncedo nakwezinye iintsholongwane zesisu ezifumaneka ekutyeni, kuquka i-Escherichia coli kunye ne-Campylobacter jejuni. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ii-organic acids (umz., i-lactic acid) kunye nemixube yorhwebo equlethe i-formic acid njengesithako inokunciphisa amanqanaba e-Campylobacter kwiinkuku (135, 138). Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili nguBeyer et al. (67), ukusetyenziswa kwe-formic acid njenge-arhente yokulwa neentsholongwane kwi-Campylobacter kunokufuna ukulumka. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kunengxaki ngakumbi kwi-diet supplement kwiinkuku kuba i-formic acid ngumthombo oyintloko wamandla okuphefumla we-C. jejuni. Ngaphezu koko, inxalenye yendawo yayo yokugaya ukutya kucingelwa ukuba ibangelwa kukutya okuxutyiweyo nge-metabolism kunye neemveliso ze-mixed acid fermentation eziveliswa yi-gastrointestinal bacteria, ezifana ne-formate (139). Olu luvo lunesiseko esithile. Ngenxa yokuba i-formate iyi-chemoattractant ye-C. jejuni, ii-mutants eziphindwe kabini ezineziphene kwi-formate dehydrogenase kunye ne-hydrogenase ziye zanciphisa amazinga okukhula kwe-cecal kwiinkuku ze-broiler xa kuthelekiswa neentlobo ze-C. jejuni zasendle (140, 141). Akukacaci ukuba ukongeza i-formic acid yangaphandle kuchaphazela kangakanani ukwakheka kwe-gastrointestinal tract yi-C. jejuni kwiinkuku. Uxinzelelo lwe-formate yangaphakathi lunokuba luphantsi ngenxa ye-formate catabolism yizinye iibhaktheriya ze-gastrointestinal okanye ukufunxwa kwe-formate kwindawo ephezulu ye-gastrointestinal, ngoko ke izinto ezininzi zinokuchaphazela oku. Ukongeza, i-formate yimveliso yokubilisa enokubakho eveliswa ziibhaktheriya ze-gastrointestinal, ezinokuchaphazela amanqanaba e-formate iyonke ye-gastrointestinal. Ukulinganiswa kwe-formate kwimixholo ye-gastrointestinal kunye nokuchongwa kwe-formate dehydrogenase genes kusetyenziswa i-metagenomics kunokukhanyisa ezinye iinkalo ze-ecology yee-microorganisms ezivelisa i-formate.
URoth et al. (142) bathelekise imiphumo yokondla iinkukhu ze-broiler i-antibiotic enrofloxacin okanye umxube we-formic, acetic, kunye ne-propionic acids kwisambuko se-Escherichia coli engamelani namayeza. Ii-E. coli isolates ezipheleleyo kunye nezimelana namayeza zibalwa kwiisampuli zendle ezidityanisiweyo ezivela kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezinosuku olu-1 ubudala nakwiisampuli zomxholo we-cecal ezivela kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezinosuku olu-14 kunye no-38 ubudala. Ii-E. coli isolates zivavanyiwe ukuba azimelani ne-ampicillin, i-cefotaxime, i-ciprofloxacin, i-streptomycin, i-sulfamethoxazole, kunye ne-tetracycline ngokweendawo ezichazwe ngaphambili kwi-antibiotic nganye. Xa inani le-E. coli lilinganisiwe kwaye lachazwa, i-enrofloxacin kunye ne-acid cocktail supplementation azizange zitshintshe inani lilonke le-E. coli elahlukileyo kwi-ceca yeenkukhu ze-broiler ezineentsuku ezili-17 kunye ne-28 ubudala. Iintaka ezondliwa ukutya okongeziweyo nge-enrofloxacin zazinamanqanaba aphezulu e-ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, kunye ne-tetracycline-resistant E. coli kunye namanqanaba aphantsi e-cefotaxime-resistant E. coli kwi-ceca. Iintaka ezondliwa nge-cocktail zazinamanani aphantsi e-ampicillin- kunye ne-tetracycline-resistant E. coli kwi-ceca xa kuthelekiswa neentaka ezilawulwayo kunye ne-enrofloxacin-supplemented. Iintaka ezondliwa nge-mixed acid nazo zazinamanani aphantsi e-ciprofloxacin- kunye ne-sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli kwi-cecum xa kuthelekiswa neentaka ezondliwa nge-enrofloxacin. Indlela ii-acids ezinciphisa ngayo inani le-E. coli echasene namayeza ngaphandle kokunciphisa inani lilonke le-E. coli ayikacaci. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zophando lukaRoth et al. ziyahambelana nezo zeqela le-enrofloxacin. (142) Oku kungaba luphawu lokuncipha kokusasazeka kwezakhi zofuzo zokuchasana namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwi-E. coli, ezifana nezithinteli ezidityaniswe ne-plasmid ezichazwe nguCabezon et al. (143). Kuya kuba nomdla ukwenza uhlalutyo olunzulu ngakumbi lokuchasana namayeza okubulala iintsholongwane okubangelwa yi-plasmid kuluntu lwenkukhu olusebenzisa amayeza okugaya ukutya xa kukho izongezo zokutya ezifana ne-formic acid kunye nokuphucula olu hlalutyo ngokuvavanya ukuchasana namayeza okugaya ukutya.
Uphuhliso lwezongezo zokutya ezichasene neentsholongwane ezifanelekileyo ngokuchasene neentsholongwane kufuneka lube nefuthe elincinci kwizityalo zesisu ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kwezo microbiota zithathwa njengeziluncedo kumninimzi. Nangona kunjalo, ii-organic acids ezilawulwa ngaphandle zinokuba nefuthe elibi kwi-resident gastrointestinal microbiota kwaye ngandlela ithile zinciphise iipropati zazo zokukhusela kwizifo. Umzekelo, uThompson noHinton (129) baqaphele ukwehla kwamanqanaba e-lactic acid yesivuno kwiinkukhu ezibeka amaqanda ezidityaniswe nomxube we-formic kunye ne-propionic acids, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ubukho bezi acids ze-organic zangaphandle kwisityalo bubangele ukwehla kwe-crop lactobacilli. I-crop lactobacilli ithathwa njengomqobo kwiSalmonella, kwaye ke ngoko ukuphazamiseka kwale microbiota yesityalo esihlala apho kunokubangela umonakalo ekunciphiseni ngempumelelo iSalmonella colonization yendlela yesisu (144). U-Açıkgöz et al. bafumanise ukuba iziphumo eziphantsi zendlela yesisu yeentaka zinokuba ziphantsi. (145) Akukho mahluko afunyenweyo kwi-intestinal flora iyonke okanye kwi-Escherichia coli counts kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezineentsuku ezingama-42 ubudala ezisela amanzi ane-acid ene-formic acid. Ababhali bacebisa ukuba oku kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba i-formate iguqulwa ibe yimetabolism kwindlela ephezulu yesisu, njengoko kuye kwabonwa ngabanye abaphandi abane-short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) elawulwa ngaphandle (128, 129).
Ukukhusela i-formic acid ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-encapsulation kunokunceda ifikelele kumzila osezantsi wesisu. (146) baqaphele ukuba i-microencapsulated formic acid yonyuse kakhulu umxholo we-total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) kwi-cecum yeehagu xa kuthelekiswa neehagu ezityiswa i-formic acid engakhuselekanga. Esi siphumo sikhokelele ababhali ukuba bacebise ukuba i-formic acid inokufikelela ngempumelelo kumzila osezantsi wesisu ukuba ikhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iiparameter ezininzi, ezifana noxinzelelo lwe-formate kunye ne-lactate, nangona ziphezulu kunezo kwiihagu ezityiswa ukutya okulawulekayo, azizange zahluke ngokwezibalo kwezo kwiihagu ezityiswa ukutya okungakhuselekanga kwe-formate. Nangona iihagu ezityiswa zombini i-formic acid engakhuselekanga kunye ne-protected zibonise ukwanda okuphindwe kathathu kwi-lactic acid, inani le-lactobacilli alizange litshintshwe ngonyango ngalunye. Umahluko unokubonakala ngakumbi kwezinye iintsholongwane ezivelisa i-lactic acid kwi-cecum (1) ezingafunyaniswanga ngezi ndlela kunye/okanye (2) apho umsebenzi wazo we-metabolic uchaphazeleka khona, ngaloo ndlela zitshintsha iphethini yokubilisa ukuze i-lactobacilli ehlala khona ivelise i-lactic acid engaphezulu.
Ukuze kufundwe ngokuchanekileyo imiphumo yezongezo zokutya kwindlela yokugaya ukutya yezilwanyana zasefama, kufuneka iindlela zokuchonga iintsholongwane ezinesisombululo esiphezulu. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ulandelelwano lwesizukulwana esilandelayo (NGS) lwe-16S RNA gene lusetyenzisiwe ukuchonga i-microbiome taxa kunye nokuthelekisa ulwahlulo lweendawo zeentsholongwane (147), nto leyo eye yabonelela ngokuqonda okungcono ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezongezo zokutya kunye ne-gastrointestinal microbiota yezilwanyana zokutya ezifana neenkukhu.
Izifundo ezininzi zisebenzise ukulandelelana kwe-microbiome ukuvavanya impendulo ye-chicken gastrointestinal microbiome ekwenzeni i-supplement. U-Oakley et al. (148) benze uphando kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezineentsuku ezingama-42 ubudala ezongezwe ziinhlanganisela ezahlukeneyo ze-formic acid, i-propionic acid, kunye ne-medium-chain fatty acids emanzini okanye ekutyeni kwazo. Iinkukhu ezigonyiweyo zachatshazelwa yi-nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strain kwaye i-ceca yazo yasuswa kwiintsuku ezingama-0, 7, 21, kunye nama-42 ubudala. Iisampulu ze-Cecal zalungiselelwa i-pyrosequencing engama-454 kwaye iziphumo zokulandelelana zavavanywa ukuze kuhlulwe kwaye kuthelekiswe ukufana. Ngokubanzi, unyango aluzange luchaphazele kakhulu amanqanaba e-cecal microbiome okanye i-S. Typhimurium. Nangona kunjalo, amazinga okuchongwa kwe-Salmonella anciphile njengoko iintaka zazikhula, njengoko kuqinisekiswe luhlalutyo lwe-taxonomic lwe-microbiome, kwaye ubuninzi be-Salmonella sequences nabo behla ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ababhali baqaphela ukuba njengoko iinkukhu ezikhula, ulwahluko lweentlobo ze-cecal microbial lwanda, kunye notshintsho olukhulu kwizityalo zesisu olubonwa kuwo onke amaqela onyango. Kuphononongo lwakutshanje, uHu et al. (149) bathelekise imiphumo yokusela amanzi kunye nokondla ukutya okuncediswa ngumxube we-organic acids (i-formic acid, i-acetic acid, i-propionic acid, kunye ne-ammonium formate) kunye ne-virginiamycin kwiisampulu ze-cecal microbiome ezivela kwiinkukhu ze-broiler eziqokelelwe kwizigaba ezibini (iintsuku ezili-1-21 kunye neentsuku ezingama-22-42). Nangona umahluko othile kulwahluko lwe-cecal microbiome ubonwe phakathi kwamaqela onyango kwiintsuku ezingama-21 ubudala, akukho mahluko kulwahluko lwe-α- okanye i-β-bacteria olufunyenwe kwiintsuku ezingama-42. Ngenxa yokungabikho komahluko kwiintsuku ezingama-42 ubudala, ababhali bacinga ukuba inzuzo yokukhula inokuba ngenxa yokusekwa kwangaphambili kwe-microbiome eyahlukileyo ngokufanelekileyo.
Uhlalutyo lwe-microbiome olugxile kuphela kuluntu lwe-cecal microbial lusenokungabonisi apho uninzi lweziphumo ze-organic acids zokutya zenzeka khona kwindlela yesisu. I-microbiome ephezulu yesisu yenkukhu ze-broiler inokuba sengozini enkulu yeziphumo ze-organic acids zokutya, njengoko kuboniswe ziziphumo zikaHume et al. (128). UHume et al. (128) babonise ukuba uninzi lwe-propionate eyongeziweyo ngaphandle yayifunxwe kwindlela ephezulu yesisu yeentaka. Izifundo zakutshanje malunga nokuchazwa kwee-microorganisms zesisu nazo ziyayixhasa le mbono. UNava et al. (150) babonise ukuba indibaniselwano yomxube we-organic acids [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], i-formic acid, kunye ne-propionic acid (HFP) zichaphazele i-gut microbiota kwaye zandisa i-Lactobacillus colonization kwi-ileum yeenkukhu. Kutshanje, uGoodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) babonise ukuba indibaniselwano yomxube we-organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], i-formic acid, kunye ne-propionic acid (HFP) zichaphazele i-gut microbiota kwaye zandisa i-Lactobacillus colonization kwi-ileum yeenkukhu. (151) bafunde ukondla iinkukhu ze-broiler umxube we-formic acid kunye ne-propionic acid kumanqanaba amabini (0.75% kunye ne-1.50%) kangangeentsuku ezingama-35. Ekupheleni kovavanyo, isivuno, isisu, i-distal ezimbini kwisithathu se-ileum, kunye ne-cecum zasuswa kwaye iisampulu zathathwa ukuze kuhlalutywe ubungakanani bezityalo ezithile zesisu kunye ne-metabolites kusetyenziswa i-RT-PCR. Kwinkcubeko, ukuxinana kwee-organic acids akuzange kuchaphazele ubuninzi be-Lactobacillus okanye i-Bifidobacterium, kodwa kwandise inani le-Clostridium. Kwi-ileum, utshintsho kuphela yayikukuncipha kwe-Lactobacillus kunye ne-Enterobacter, ngelixa kwi-cecum ezi zityalo zahlala zingatshintshanga (151). Kwizinga eliphezulu lokongeza i-organic acid, i-lactic acid iyonke (D kunye ne-L) yancitshiswa kwisityalo, i-organic acids zombini yancitshiswa kwi-gizzard, kwaye i-organic acids yayiphantsi kwi-cecum. Akukho tshintsho kwi-ileum. Ngokuphathelele kwi-short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), utshintsho olulodwa kwisityalo nakwi-gizzard yeentaka ezitya i-organic acids lwalukwizinga le-propionate. Iintaka ezitya i-organic acid ephantsi zabonisa ukwanda okuphindwe kalishumi kwi-propionate kwisityalo, ngelixa iintaka ezitya i-organic acid ezimbini zabonisa ukwanda okuphindwe kasibhozo kunye neshumi elinesihlanu kwi-propionate kwi-gizzard, ngokulandelelana. Ukwanda kwe-acetate kwi-ileum kwakungaphantsi kokuphindwe kabini. Ngokubanzi, le datha ixhasa umbono wokuba uninzi lweziphumo zokusetyenziswa kwe-organic acid yangaphandle zazibonakala kwisivuno, ngelixa i-organic acids yayineziphumo ezincinci kuluntu olusezantsi lwe-microbial yesisu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iipatheni zokubilisa ze-top gastrointestinal resident flora zisenokuba zitshintshiwe.
Ngokucacileyo, kufuneka inkcazelo enzulu ngakumbi ye-microbiome ukuze kucaciswe ngokupheleleyo iimpendulo ze-microbial ukuze zakheke kuyo yonke indlela yesisu. Uhlalutyo olunzulu ngakumbi lwe-microbial taxonomy yeendawo ezithile zesisu, ingakumbi iindawo eziphezulu ezifana nesityalo, lunokubonelela ngolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokukhethwa kwamaqela athile ee-microorganisms. Imisebenzi yazo ye-metabolic kunye ne-enzymes inokumisela nokuba zinobudlelwane obuchaseneyo ne-pathogens ezingena kwindlela yesisu. Kuya kuba nomdla kwakhona ukwenza uhlalutyo lwe-metagenomic ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukuvezwa kwi-acid chemical additives ngexesha lobomi beentaka kukhetha ii-bacteria ezihlala "ezinyamezela i-asidi", kwaye nokuba ubukho kunye/okanye umsebenzi we-metabolic wezi bacteria uya kuba ngumqobo owongezelelweyo ekuqokeleleni kwe-pathogen.
I-Formic acid ibisetyenziswa iminyaka emininzi njengesongezo sekhemikhali ekutyeni kwezilwanyana nanjenge-silage acidifier. Enye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kakhulu kukusebenza kwayo ekulweni nentsholongwane ukunciphisa inani leentsholongwane ekutyeni nasekungeneni kwazo kwi-gastrointestinal tract yeentaka. Izifundo ze-in vitro zibonise ukuba i-formic acid yiarhente ye-antimicrobial esebenzayo ngokuchasene neSalmonella kunye nezinye iintsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-formic acid kwi-feed matrices kunokuthintelwa bubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo kwizithako zokutya kunye namandla azo okugcina. I-Formic acid ibonakala inefuthe elichaseneyo kwiSalmonella nakwezinye iintsholongwane xa ityiwa ngokutya okanye ngamanzi okusela. Nangona kunjalo, olu qhankqalazo lwenzeka ikakhulu kwi-gastrointestinal tract ephezulu, njengoko ubuninzi be-formic acid bunokuncipha kwi-gastrointestinal tract esezantsi, njengoko kunjalo nge-propionic acid. Ingcamango yokukhusela i-formic acid ngokuyibeka ngaphakathi inika indlela enokwenzeka yokuhambisa i-acid engaphezulu kwi-gastrointestinal tract esezantsi. Ngaphezu koko, izifundo zibonise ukuba umxube we-organic acids usebenza ngakumbi ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kweenkukhu kunokuphathwa kwe-asidi enye (152). I-Campylobacter kwindlela yokugaya ukutya ingasabela ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwi-formate, njengoko inokusebenzisa i-formate njengomnikeli we-electron, kwaye i-formate ngumthombo wayo wamandla oyintloko. Akucaci ukuba ukwandisa uxinano lwe-formate kwindlela yokugaya ukutya kuya kuba luncedo kwi-Campylobacter, kwaye oku kusenokungenzeki kuxhomekeke kwezinye izityalo zesisu ezinokusebenzisa i-formate njenge-substrate.
Izifundo ezongezelelweyo ziyafuneka ukuze kuphandwe imiphumo ye-asidi yesisu kwi-microbes ezihlala kwi-gastrointestinal ezingezizo izifo. Sikhetha ukujolisa ngokukhethekileyo kwiintsholongwane ngaphandle kokuphazamisa amalungu e-microbiome yesisu eluncedo kumninimzi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kufuna uhlalutyo olunzulu ngakumbi lolandelelwano lwe-microbiome lwale mimandla ye-microbial yesisu ehlala kwi-gastrointestinal. Nangona ezinye izifundo zipapashwe kwi-cecal microbiome yeentaka eziphathwe yi-formic acid, kufuneka ingqalelo engakumbi kuluntu lwe-microbial yesisu oluphezulu. Ukuchongwa kwee-microorganisms kunye nokuthelekiswa kokufana phakathi kwemimandla ye-microbial yesisu xa kukho okanye kungekho i-formic acid kunokuba yinkcazo engaphelelanga. Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo, kubandakanya i-metabolomics kunye ne-metagenomics, luyimfuneko ukuze kuchazwe umahluko wokusebenza phakathi kwamaqela afanayo ngokwendalo. Olu hlobo lokuchazwa lubalulekile ekusekeni ubudlelwane phakathi koluntu lwe-microbial yesisu kunye neempendulo zokusebenza kweentaka kwi-formic acid-based improvers. Ukudibanisa iindlela ezininzi zokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo umsebenzi wesisu kufuneka kuvumele uphuhliso lweendlela zokongeza i-organic acid ezisebenzayo kwaye ekugqibeleni kuphuculwe ukuqikelela impilo kunye nokusebenza kweentaka ezifanelekileyo ngelixa kuncitshiswa iingozi zokhuseleko lokutya.
U-SR ubhale olu phononongo ngoncedo oluvela ku-DD no-KR. Bonke ababhali benze igalelo elikhulu kumsebenzi ovezwe kolu phononongo.
Ababhali bathi olu phononongo lufumene inkxaso-mali kwi-Anitox Corporation ukuze kuqaliswe ukubhalwa nokupapashwa kolu phononongo. Abaxhasi babengenampembelelo kwiimbono nakwizigqibo ezivezwe kweli nqaku lophononongo okanye kwisigqibo sokulupapasha.
Ababhali abaseleyo bathi uphando lwenziwe ngaphandle kobudlelwane bezorhwebo okanye bezemali obunokuthathwa njengongquzulwano olunokwenzeka lwemidla.
UDkt. DD angathanda ukubulela inkxaso evela kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo seYunivesithi yaseArkansas ngokusebenzisa iDistinguished Teaching Fellowship, kunye nenkxaso eqhubekayo evela kwiNkqubo yeSayensi yeeCell kunye neMolecular Biology yeYunivesithi yaseArkansas kunye neSebe leSayensi yokutya. Ukongeza, ababhali bangathanda ukubulela u-Anitox ngenkxaso yokuqala ekubhaleni olu phononongo.
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