Ngomhla wama-20 ku-Epreli, ngo-2023, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (i-EPA) ibhengeze ukukhutshwa komgaqo ocetywayo phantsi kweCandelo 6(a) loMthetho woLawulo lweZinto eziTyhefu (i-TSCA) othintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-methylene chloride. I-EPA yathi uvavanyo lwayo lomngcipheko olungenabungqina lwe-dichloromethane lubangelwe ziingozi ezinxulumene nabasebenzi, abantu abangoochwephesha abangasebenzisiyo (ii-ONU), abathengi, kunye nabo bakufutshane nokusetyenziswa kwabathengi. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ichonge umngcipheko wemiphumo emibi kwimpilo yabantu evela ekuphefumleni nasekuchaphazekeni kwesikhumba kwi-methylene chloride, kubandakanya ubuthi be-neurotoxicity, iziphumo kwisibindi, kunye nomhlaza. I-EPA yathi umthetho wayo ocetywayo wolawulo lomngcipheko "uya kunciphisa ngokukhawuleza" imveliso, ukucubungula kunye nokusasazwa kwe-methylene chloride kuzo zonke iintlobo zabathengi kunye neentlobo ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nezorhwebo, uninzi lwazo luya kufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo kwiinyanga ezili-15. I-EPA yaphawula ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kwe-dichloromethane, iya kuphakamisa ukuyivala. Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba ezinye iindlela ezingasetyenziswayo endaweni ye-dichloromethane ezinexabiso elifanayo kunye nokusebenza zifumaneka ngokubanzi. Nje ukuba umthetho ocetywayo upapashwe kwiRejista yeSizwe, ixesha lokuphawula leentsuku ezingama-60 liza kuqala.
Phantsi kwenguqulelo yomthetho ocetywayo phantsi kweCandelo 6(b le-TSCA), i-EPA igqibe kwelokuba i-methylene chloride ibeka umngcipheko ongafanelekanga wokwenzakala kwimpilo, nokuba zingakanani na iindleko okanye ezinye izinto ezingezizo ezomngcipheko, kubandakanya umngcipheko ongafanelekanga kwiimeko zokusetyenziswa (COU) kwabo bachongiweyo njengabanokuchaphazeleka okanye abasengozini yovavanyo lomngcipheko we-methylene chloride ka-2020. Ukuphelisa umngcipheko ongafanelekanga, i-EPA icebisa, ngokuhambelana neCandelo 6(a) le-TSCA:
I-EPA ithi zonke ii-TSCA COUs ze-dichloromethane (ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiipeyinti zabathengi kunye nabasusi bepeyinti, ezisebenza ngokwahlukeneyo phantsi kweCandelo 6 le-TSCA (84 Fed. Reg. 11420, Matshi 27, 2019)) ziphantsi kwesi sibonelelo. Ngokwe-EPA, i-TSCA ichaza ii-COUs njengeemeko ezilindelweyo, ezaziwayo, okanye ezinokwenzeka kwangaphambili apho ikhemikhali iveliswa, icutshungulwa, isasazwa, isetyenziswa, okanye ilahlwa ngeenjongo zorhwebo. I-EPA icela uluntu ukuba lunike izimvo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesi siphakamiso.
Ngokwengxelo yeendaba ye-EPA, i-EPA idibene ne-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ekuphuhliseni umthetho ocetywayo "yaza yaqwalasela iimfuno ze-OSHA ezikhoyo ekuphuhliseni iimfuno zokhuseleko lwabasebenzi ezicetywayo." zokususa iingozi ezingafanelekanga. Abaqeshi baya kuba nonyaka omnye wokuthobela i-WCPP emva kokuba i-EPA ikhuphe imithetho yokugqibela yolawulo lomngcipheko kwaye kuya kufuneka bajonge iindawo zabo zomsebenzi rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abachatshazelwa yi-methylene chloride, enokubangela umngcipheko ongafanelekanga.
I-EPA “icela uluntu ukuba luwuhlole lo mthetho ucetywayo kwaye lunike izimvo zalo.” I-EPA ithe “inomdla kakhulu wokuva izimvo zemibutho ezifunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe inkqubo ecetywayo malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka na ukusebenza kweemfuno zokhuseleko lwabasebenzi ezicetywayo.” I-EPA, iza kubamba i-webinar evulekileyo yabaqeshi nabasebenzi kwiiveki ezizayo, “kodwa iya kuba luncedo kuye nabani na ofuna isishwankathelo seendlela zokulawula ezicetywayo zokuxoxa ngezicwangciso ezicetywayo.” .
I-Bergeson & Campbell, PC (B&C®) iqikelela indlela eza kuthathwa ngayo amanyathelo okulawula i-methylene chloride acetywayo yi-EPA kunye neendlela eziphambili zokulawula. Umthetho ocetywayo we-EPA uhambelana neengcebiso zawo kumthetho ocetywayo wolawulo lomngcipheko we-chrysotile, kubandakanya amanyathelo olawulo acetywayo okuthintela ukusetyenziswa, ezinye iindlela ezibalulekileyo zokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwexesha eliqingqiweyo phantsi kweCandelo 6(g) le-TSCA (umz., ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye neziseko ezibalulekileyo) kwaye icebisa imida yangoku yokuvezwa kweekhemikhali (ii-ECEL) ezingaphantsi kakhulu kwemida yangoku yokuvezwa emsebenzini. Ngezantsi, sishwankathela imiba eliqela ekufuneka amalungu oluntu olulawulwayo ayiqwalasele xa elungiselela izimvo zoluntu kwimithetho ecetywayo, kwaye sikhumbuza wonke umntu ngokubaluleka kokuzibandakanya ne-EPA kwasekuqaleni kwimizamo engalawulwayo yokubonelela ngolwazi ngemisebenzi yokulawula kwiimeko. Imigaqo, kuquka ne-TSCA.
Ngenxa yesikhokelo esitsha se-EPA ngendlela "yeekhemikhali ezipheleleyo", asimangalisi ukubona ukuba isenzo solawulo esicetywayo se-EPA "kukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane kwimizi-mveliso nakwezorhwebo." Nangona kunjalo, i-EPA inikezela ngenye indlela enkulu yokulawula ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa okuthile okungavumelekanga okucetywayo ukuba kuqhubeke ngokuhambelana nokuthotyelwa kwe-WCPP. Sikhankanya oku kuba iCandelo 6(a) le-TSCA lithi i-EPA kufuneka "isebenzise iimfuno zokususa iingozi ezingenangqondo kangangoko kuyimfuneko ukuze ikhemikhali okanye umxube ungabeki iingozi ezinjalo." Ukuba i-WCPP ene-ECEL ikhusela impilo kunye nokusingqongileyo, njengoko kukhuthazwa yi-EPA, kubonakala ngathi ukuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa okuthile kudlula umthetho "wokufuneka". Nokuba i-WCPP ikhusela, ukuthintelwa okukhoyo kokusetyenziswa kwabathengi kusafanelekile kuba abathengi banokungakwazi ukubonisa nokubhala ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokhuseleko kwi-WCPP. Kwelinye icala, ukuba indawo yokusebenza inokubonisa kwaye ibhale ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo ye-WCPP, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukusetyenziswa okunjalo kufanele kuqhubeke kuvunyelwe.
Njengenxalenye yeemfuno ze-WCPP, i-EPA yathi iya kufuna "ukuthotyelwa kweGood Laboratory Practice [GLP] 40 CFR Part 792″. Le mfuneko iyangqubana nemizamo emininzi yokubeka esweni indawo yokusebenza eyenziwa ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yeNkqubo yoQinisekiso lweLabhoratri yoHlobo lweZinto (i-IHLAP). Okulindelwe yi-EPA kuvavanyo lwe-GLP lokubeka esweni indawo yokusebenza kuyahambelana nomyalelo wovavanyo owakhutshwa ngo-2021, kodwa hayi umyalelo wayo wemvume oqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ithempleyithi yomyalelo we-EPA TSCA Section 5(e) ichaza oku kulandelayo kwiCandelo III.D:
Nangona kunjalo, ukuthotyelwa kwe-TSCA GLP akufuneki kweli candelo litsha leMida yokuXhaswa kweeKhemikhali, apho iindlela zohlalutyo ziqinisekiswa yilabhoratri evunyiweyo yi: I-American Industrial Hygiene Association (“AIHA”) I-Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Accreditation Program (“IHLAP”) okanye enye inkqubo efanayo evunyiweyo ngokubhaliweyo yi-EPA.
I-EPA icele izimvo malunga nemiba ethile yomthetho ocetywayo, nto leyo i-B&C eyicebisayo ukuba amaqela anokuthi achaphazeleke ayiqwalasele. Umzekelo, i-EPA ixoxa ngegunya phantsi kweCandelo 6(g) le-TSCA lokunika ukukhululwa kwexesha elithile kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa ezifana neenqwelo moya, kwaye i-EPA ithi ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno ezicetywayo "kuya kuphazamisa kakhulu...iziseko ezibalulekileyo." “Siqaphela ukuba olu xolelo luya kuquka ukuthotyelwa kwe-WCPP Ngokufanayo, ukuba i-WCPP iyakhusela kwaye iziko linokuthobela i-WCPP (umz. i-ECEL engapheliyo engenamhlaza iinxalenye ezi-2 ngesigidi (ppm) kunye nomda wokuvezwa kwexesha elifutshane (STEL) iinxalenye ezili-16 ngesigidi), eli gama libonakala lingaphezulu kweemfuno zokhuseleko lwempilo nokusingqongileyo. Sikholelwa ukuba uxolelo luya kusetyenziswa xa ukhuseleko lunganelanga ukujongana nomngcipheko kwaye uthintelo luya kuphazamisa kakhulu amacandelo abalulekileyo (umz. ukhuselo, i-aerospace, iziseko zophuhliso). Kubonakala ngathi kukho indlela efana ne-European Union Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), ethintela izinto ezinobungozi nokuba amanyathelo okhuseleko anele kuzo zonke iindawo ngaphandle kwemingcele. Nangona le ndlela inokuba nomtsalane kubo bonke, kodwa ngokoluvo lwethu, ayihlangabezani negunya leCandelo 6 le-EPA. 'T.
I-EPA icaphula iphepha lika-2022 elinesihloko esithi “Uvavanyo lweeNdlela ezizezinye zokusetyenziswa kweDichloromethane” (ireferensi 40 kumgaqo ocetywayo) kulo lonke umgaqo ocetywayo. Ngokusekelwe kolu vavanyo, i-EPA yathi “ichonge iimveliso eziqulethe izithako ezinemilinganiselo ethile yokuhlolwa kweengozi engaphantsi kune-dichloromethane kwaye ezinye izithako ezinemilinganiselo yokuhlolwa kweengozi ephezulu kune-dichloromethane (ireferensi 40)”. Ngexesha lokubhalwa kwale ngcaciso, i-EPA ayikayifaki le ngxelo kuLuhlu lokuHlola lweMithetho, kwaye i-EPA ayizange iyenze ifumaneke kwisiseko sayo sedatha se-intanethi sezeMpilo kunye neNdalo (i-HERO). Ngaphandle kokuhlola iinkcukacha zale ngxelo, akunakwenzeka ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa ngakunye. Ezinye iindlela zokususa ipeyinti zisenokungasebenzi njengezinyibilikisi, ezifana nezo zisetyenziselwa ukucoca izinto ze-elektroniki ezinobuthathaka kwiinqwelomoya.
Sikhankanye ukungabikho kwamaxwebhu apha ngasentla kuba imibutho echaphazelekileyo kukuvalwa kwe-EPA okucetywayo iya kufuna olu lwazi ukuze imisele ukuba kunokwenzeka na kwezinye iindlela, ivavanye iingozi ezinokubakho kwezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo (ezinokukhokelela kwisenzo solawulo se-TSCA kwixesha elizayo), kwaye ilungiselele uluvo loluntu. . Siqaphela ukuba i-US EPA ixoxa ngemiba enjalo "eyenye" ​​kumthetho wayo ocetywayo we-chrysotile, oquka injongo ye-US EPA yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-chrysotile kwii-diaphragms ezisetyenziswa kushishino lwe-chlor-alkali. I-EPA iyavuma ukuba "ezinye iindlela zobuchwepheshe zee-diaphragms eziqulethe i-asbestos kwimveliso ye-chlor-alkali zinezinga eliphezulu le-perfluoroalkyl kunye ne-polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) xa kuthelekiswa nobungakanani bee-PFAS compounds ezikwii-diaphragms eziqulethe i-asbestos," kodwa ayithelekisi ngakumbi iingozi kunye neengozi ezinokubakho kwezinye iindlela.
Ukongeza kwimiba yolawulo lomngcipheko engentla, sikholelwa ukuba uvavanyo lwe-US Environmental Protection Agency malunga neengozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene ne-dichloromethane lusenezikhewu ezinkulu zomthetho. Njengoko kuxoxiwe kwimemo yethu kaNovemba 11, 2022, i-EPA isoloko ibhekisa ekusebenziseni kwayo uxwebhu luka-2018 olunesihloko esithi “Ukusebenzisa Uhlalutyo Olucwangcisiweyo kuVavanyo Lomngcipheko lwe-TSCA” (“Uxwebhu lwe-SR luka-2018”) njengesiseko sokuphumeza iimbopheleleko zayo. Le mfuneko isebenzisa idatha yesayensi efumanekayo engcono kunye nobungqina besayensi njengoko kuchaziwe kwiCandelo 26(h) kunye (i) le-TSCA ngokwahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, i-EPA ithi kumgaqo wayo ocetywayo kwi-methylene chloride ukuba:
I-EPA ibona i-dichloromethane ECEL njengeyona sayensi ibalaseleyo ekhoyo phantsi kweCandelo 26(h) le-TSCA kuba ifunyenwe kulwazi olufunyenwe kuvavanyo lomngcipheko we-dichloromethane ka-2020, olube sisiphumo sohlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo olwenziweyo. ukuvavanya ukuchonga naziphi na iziphumo ezibi zempilo. [krwelela umgca ngaphantsi]
Njengoko besibhale ngaphambili, iiNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) ziphinde zaphonononga uxwebhu lwe-SR luka-2018 ngesicelo se-EPA zaza zagqiba kwelokuba:
Indlela ye-OPPT yokujonga ngokutsha okucwangcisiweyo ayibonisi ngokwaneleyo inyani, [kwaye] i-OPPT kufuneka iphinde ijonge indlela yayo yokujonga ngokutsha okucwangcisiweyo kwaye iqwalasele izimvo kunye neengcebiso ezikule ngxelo.
Abafundi bayakhunjuzwa ukuba iCandelo 26(h) le-TSCA lifuna i-EPA ukuba yenze izigqibo ngokwesayensi engcono kakhulu ekhoyo ngokweCandelo 4, 5, kunye nelesi-6 le-TSCA, ezibandakanya iinkqubo kunye neendlela ezifana nophononongo olucwangcisiweyo. Ukongeza, ukusebenzisa kwe-EPA uxwebhu lwe-SR luka-2018 kuvavanyo lwayo lokugqibela lomngcipheko we-dichloromethane kukwabangela amathandabuzo malunga nokuthobela kwe-EPA iimfuno zobungqina besayensi ezichazwe kwiCandelo 26(i) le-TSCA, i-EPA eyibeka "njengendlela yohlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo" yobungqina okanye ngendlela eqinisekileyo. …"
Imithetho emibini ecetywayo yi-EPA phantsi kweCandelo 6(a le-TSCA), eliyiChrysotile kunye neMethylene Chloride, ichaza imithetho yemithetho ecetywayo ye-EPA yolawulo lomngcipheko kwiikhemikhali ezili-10 eziseleyo i-EPA ezibona njengezibeka emngciphekweni ongafanelekanga. Ezinye izimvo zisetyenziswa kuvavanyo lokugqibela lomngcipheko. Amashishini asebenzisa ezi zinto kufuneka alungiselele ukuvinjelwa okuzayo, i-WCPP, okanye ukukhululwa kwexesha elimiselweyo okufuna ukuthotyelwa kwe-WCPP. I-B&C icebisa ukuba abachaphazelekayo bahlole umgaqo ocetywayo we-methylene chloride, nokuba abafundi abayisebenzisi i-methylene chloride, kwaye banike izimvo ezifanelekileyo, beqonda ukuba iindlela ezicetywayo zolawulo lomngcipheko we-methylene chloride zinokuba yinxalenye yeminye imigangatho ye-EPA yexesha elizayo. Iikhemikhali ezinovavanyo lokugqibela lomngcipheko (umz. i-1-bromopropane, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-1,4-dioxane, i-perchlorethylene kunye ne-trichlorethylene).
Isikhanyeli: Ngenxa yohlobo oluqhelekileyo lolu hlaziyo, ulwazi olunikiweyo apha lusenokungasebenzi kuzo zonke iimeko, kwaye akufuneki luthathwe amanyathelo ngaphandle kwengcebiso ethile yezomthetho ngokusekelwe kwimeko yakho ethile.
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