I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo yase-US (EPA) iphakamise ukuvalwa kwayo phantse konke ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-dichloromethane, isinyibilikisi esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye noncedo lokucubungula. Ukuvalwa okucetywayo kuya kuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumashishini amaninzi, phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-250 yezigidi zeepounds zeekhemikhali eziveliswe okanye ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwi-2019. Ukusetyenziswa okumbalwa okuseleyo, kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa njenge-reagent yokuvelisa i-HFC-32, kuya kuba phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo kunemigangatho ye-OSHA yangoku.
I-EPA ibhengeze ukuvalwa okucetywayo kunye nezithintelo kumgaqo ocetywayo othunyelwe ngoMeyi 3, 2023, 83 Fed. bhalisa. 28284. Esi siphakamiso siza kuthintela zonke ezinye ukusetyenziswa kwabathengi be-dichloromethane. Naluphi na usetyenziso lweshishini kunye nezorhwebo lwe-dichloromethane, kubandakanywa njengolwelo lokuhambisa ubushushu okanye olunye uncedo lwenkqubo, kwaye uninzi lokusetyenziswa njenge-solvent, luya kuthintelwa, ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa okukodwa kweshumi, ezimbini zazo ezikhethekileyo. Usetyenziso olwalelweyo nolungabandakanyiweyo ludweliswe ekupheleni kwesi silumkiso. Imithetho emitsha ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo inokugubungela usetyenziso olungaqukwanga kulo naluphi na uluhlu.
Ukusetyenziswa okulishumi okungabandakanywanga kukuvinjelwa kuya kubangela imfuneko yokuphumeza iSicwangciso soKhuseleko lweMichiza yeNdawo yokuSebenza (WCPP) esekelwe kumgangatho we-OSHA we-methylene chloride, kodwa kunye nemida ekhoyo yokuvezwa kweekhemikhali eziphantsi kwe-92% ngaphantsi kwe-OSHA ivumela.
Amaqela anomdla anikwe de kube ngomhla wesi-3 kuJulayi, 2023 ukuba angenise izimvo zawo ngalo mgaqo ucetywayo. I-EPA yacela izimvo kwizihloko ze-44, kubandakanywa nokuba imfuno ye-WCPP kufuneka ithathe indawo yokuvalwa kokusetyenziswa okuthile kunye nokuba ishedyuli yokuvalwa ngokukhawuleza inokwenzeka. I-EPA ikwacele ukuba kuhlomle malunga nokuba naluphi na usetyenziso olwalelweyo lufanelekile njengosetyenziso olubalulekileyo okanye oluyimfuneko, njengoko zingekho ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo ezifumanekayo.
Esi siphakamiso sisesibini esicetywe yi-EPA malunga neekhemikhali ezilishumi eziphambili eziphantsi kovavanyo lomngcipheko phantsi kweCandelo lesi-6 loMthetho woLawulo lweZinto eziyityhefu (TSCA). Okokuqala, esi sisiphakamiso sokuvala zonke ezinye izinto ezisetyenziselwa i-chrysotile. Umgaqo wesithathu uphathelene ne-perchlorethylene, ephantsi kohlaziyo yi-Ofisi yoLawulo kunye neBhajethi (OMB) ukususela ngoFebruwari 23, 2023. Ukususela ngo-Matshi 20, i-2023, idrafti yokugqibela yomgaqo we-chrysotile (jonga isilumkiso sethu) iphantsi kokuhlaziywa kwe-OMB.
Uvavanyo lomngcipheko lukaJuni ka-2020 lufumene imingcipheko engafunekiyo kuzo zonke ngaphandle kweemeko ezintandathu apho kusetyenziswe i-methylene chloride. Omathandathu ngoku avela kuluhlu lwemigaqo yokusetyenziswa ecetywayo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zeWCPP. Inkcazo ehlaziyiweyo kaNovemba ka-2022 yomngcipheko ibonise ukuba i-dichloromethane ngokubanzi ibeka umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni, kunye nemeko enye kuphela yokusetyenziswa (ukuhanjiswa kwezorhwebo) okungachaphazeli inkcazo. Ukuvalwa okucetywayo kuya kubandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwentengiso kusetyenziso olungavumelekanga, kodwa hayi kusetyenziso oluthobelayo lweWCPP. Emva kokufumanisa ukuba i-dichloromethane ibeka umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni, iCandelo lesi-6(a) le-TSCA ngoku lifuna ukuba i-EPA yamkele imithetho yolawulo lomngcipheko kwimichiza ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elifunekayo ukuze ingaphindi ibeke umngcipheko onjalo.
I-EPA yayinqatshelwe ngaphambili abathengi ukuba basebenzise i-methylene chloride ukususa ipeyinti kunye neengubo, 40 CFR § 751.105. I-EPA okwangoku iphakamisa ukuvala konke ukusetyenziswa kwabathengi okungabandakanywanga kwicandelo le-751.105, kubandakanywa ukwenziwa, ukucubungula, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezorhwebo kwe-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride ngezi njongo.
Ukongeza, i-EPA iphakamisa ukuvala zonke ii-dichloromethane zemizi-mveliso kunye nezorhwebo ezingekho phantsi kweemfuno zeWCPP, kubandakanywa ukuvelisa, ukucubungula, ukuhanjiswa kwezorhwebo, kunye nokusetyenziswa phantsi kwezi meko zokusetyenziswa.
Isiphelo sesi silumkiso sidwelisa iimeko ezingama-45 zoshishino, urhwebo, kunye nabathengi ekucetywa ukuba bavalwe. Olu luhlu luthatyathwe kuVavanyo loMngcipheko ka-2020. Ukongezelela, i-EPA iceba ukwamkela uMthetho oMtsha oBalulekileyo wokuSetyenziswa (SNUR) oya kusebenza kuyo nayiphi na i-dichloromethane okanye iimveliso eziqukethe i-dichloromethane ezingabandakanywa kuvavanyo lomngcipheko. I-ajenda yolawulo epapashwe ngoJanuwari iprojekthi ye-SNUR ecetywayo ngo-Epreli ka-2023 (i-EPA sele iphosakele loo mhla) kunye ne-SNUR yokugqibela ngoMatshi ka-2024.
I-EPA iqikelela ukuba esi sithintelo siya kuphendula malunga nesinye kwisithathu semveliso yonyaka ye-methylene chloride okanye ukungenisa ngaphandle kwe-TSCA kunye nezinye izinto.
[T]umgaqo ocetywayo awuyi kusebenza kuyo nayiphi na into engabandakanyiyo kwinkcazelo “yekhemikhali” phantsi kweCandelo 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) le-TSCA. Oku kukhutshelwa ngaphandle kuquka, kodwa akuphelelanga apho… nakuphi na ukutya, izongezo zokutya, ichiza, izinto zokuthambisa, okanye isixhobo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiCandelo lama-201 loMthetho woKutya, iChiza, kunye neCosmetic, xa kuveliswa, kusetyenzwa, okanye kusasazwa iinjongo zorhwebo. . ukusetyenziswa ekutyeni, izongezo zokutya, iziyobisi, izinto zokuthambisa okanye izixhobo...
Ngokumalunga ne-adhesives ekwenziweni kweebhetri ezilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo le-201 (h) loMthetho we-Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, ezo zixhobo zikhankanyiweyo ezifanele "njengezixhobo" ukuba "zenziwe, zicutshungulwe, okanye zisasazwe ukuba zisetyenziswe njengesixhobo" ziya kususwa kwinkcazo "yekhemikhali" kwaye ngoko ayisayi kuphinda iphuhliswe.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane njengolwelo olusebenzayo kwinkqubo evaliweyo kwinkqubo yokuxutywa kweyeza kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwayo njenge-solvent extraction ekuhlanjululeni iziyobisi, kwaye [i-EPA] iqukumbele ukuba oku kusetyenziswa kuwela phantsi kokungafaniyo kwiinkcazo ezingentla, kwaye kungekhona "imichiza" ngokwe-TSCA.
Ukuvinjelwa kwezinto ezikhuthazayo ezithintela ukugcinwa kwe-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride. I-EPA icela ukuphawula malunga nokuba ixesha elongezelelweyo liyafuneka, umzekelo, ukucoca iziteshi zokusasazwa kweemveliso ezivaliweyo. Ngenxa yesicelo sokuphawula ngoku, i-EPA isenokungathambekeli kangako ekuqwalaseleni izicelo zokwandiswa kamva.
Njengoko kuboniswe yi-45 yeeMiqathango eziThintelweyo zokusetyenziswa, i-methylene chloride isetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi, kubandakanywa njenge-solvent kunye ne-processing aid. Ngenxa yoko, isiphakamiso, ukuba sigqityiwe, siya kuchaphazela amashishini amaninzi. UVavanyo loMngcipheko luka-2020 luqaqambisa ezinye iinkalo zokusetyenziswa:
I-Dichloromethane inoluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, ezibandakanya izitywini, iimveliso zemoto, kunye nepeyinti kunye nezisusa zokugquma. I-Dichloromethane yaziwa kakhulu njengenkqubo yokunyibilikisa kwizinciphisi zepeyinti nakwi-pharmaceutical and film-coating applications. Isetyenziswa njenge arhente yokuvuthela ipolyurethane kunye nokwenziwa kweefriji zehydrofluorocarbon (HFC) ezifana ne-HFC-32. Ikwafumaneka kwiipropellants ze-aerosol kunye nezinyibilikisi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yombane, ukucocwa kwesinyithi kunye nokucocwa kwegrisi, kunye nokugqitywa kwefenitshala.
Ithemba lokuvalwa kokusetyenziswa okuninzi kwe-methylene chloride liphakamisa imibuzo ecinezelayo malunga neendlela ezinokusetyenziswa. I-EPA iqwalasela lo mba xa ivavanya ezinye iindlela, ezichazwe kwintshayelelo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukumisela imigaqo yokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezikhoyo ngoku i-methylene chloride, i-EPA ichonge amakhulu eendlela ezithengiswayo ezingekho ze-methylene chloride kwaye, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, idwelise ukwakheka kweekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo okanye izithako kuVavanyo oluLungelwano. .
I-EPA ichonge iimveliso ezizezinye ezingama-65 kudidi lwesisusi sepeyinti kunye nokwaleka, apho ukugqitywa kwefenitshala kuluhlu olungaphantsi (ref. 48). Njengoko kuphawuliwe kuhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, ngelixa ingezizo zonke ezi mveliso ezizezinye ezinokuthi zilungele iinjongo ezithile zezinye izicelo zokulungiswa kwefenitshala, iindlela zoomatshini okanye ezishushu zinokuba ziindlela ezingezizo iikhemikhali zokusebenzisa iimveliso eziqukethe i-methylene chloride yokupeyinta kunye nokususwa kwengubo. … …I-EPA ikholelwa ukuba kukho iindlela ezizezinye ezinobugcisa kunye noqoqosho kwiimarike…
[A] Iindlela ezizezinye kwi-methylene chloride ezingachongwa njengezinto zokuncedisa. I-EPA icela ulwazi malunga neendlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwi-methylene chloride processing aids njengoko inxulumene nokhetho lolawulo olucetywayo phantsi kwesi siVumelwano.
Ukunqongophala kweendlela ezizezinye ezichongiweyo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengezihlomelo yingxaki enokubakho. I-EPA ichaza imigaqo yokusetyenziswa ngolu hlobo:
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane kwishishini okanye kurhwebo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo okanye isixhobo senkqubo, okanye xa idichloromethane yongezwa kwinkqubo okanye kwinto okanye umxube oza kunyangwa ukuze utshintshe okanye uthintele i-pH yento okanye umxube. I-arhente yonyango ayiyi kuba yinxalenye yemveliso yokusabela kwaye ayichaphazeli umsebenzi wesiphumo okanye inqaku.
I-Dichloromethane isetyenziswa "njengesongezelelo senkqubo" kwaye isetyenziswa njengendawo yokuhambisa ubushushu kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo. Umgaqo ocetywayo uya kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane nangona amandla ayo aphantsi okuvezwa. Nangona kunjalo, isandulela songeza:
I-EPA icele izimvo malunga nokuba eminye imibutho isebenzisa i-methylene chloride njengoncedo lokulungiswa iya kuthobela imfuno ecetywayo yeWCPP ye-methylene chloride. Ukuba imibutho emininzi ingabonisa ngendibaniselwano yedatha yokubeka iliso kunye neenkcazo zenkqubo ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-methylene chloride akuvezi abasebenzi emngciphekweni ongafanelekanga, i-EPA iqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwayo ukugqiba ummiselo phantsi kweemeko [umz. ukusetyenziswa njengendawo yokudlulisa ubushushu] okanye iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa [njenge-processing aid] zingaqhubeka ngokuhambelana neWCPP...
Ngaloo ndlela, iinkampani ezisebenzisa i-methylene chloride kwizicelo ezinempembelelo ephantsi, ezifana nokuhanjiswa kobushushu, zinokukhetha ukucela i-EPA ukuba iguqule ukuvinjelwa okucetywayo kokusetyenziswa okunjalo ukuze kufuneke ukuphunyezwa kweWCPP-ukuba banokubonisa kwi-EPA ukuba banokuthobela iimfuno zeWCCP ezichazwe ngezantsi. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo nayo yathi:
Ukuba i-EPA ayikwazi ukuchonga nayiphi na enye indlela kulo mqathango wokusetyenziswa kwaye ayiboneleli ngolwazi olongezelelweyo ukwenzela ukuba i-EPA ikwazi ukumisela ukuba i-WCPP iyawuphelisa umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni weSimo esiLungileyo.
Icandelo 6 (d) lifuna ukuba i-EPA ifune ukuthotyelwa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kungadlulanga iminyaka emi-5 emva kokukhutshwa komgaqo wokugqibela. Ngamanye amazwi, olo setyenziso lusenokufaneleka ukwandiswa kwexesha lokuthotyelwa.
Kwiimeko ezilishumi zokusetyenziswa ezidweliswe ngezantsi, kubandakanywa imveliso kunye nokusetyenzwa ukuvelisa i-HFC-32, ukurisayikilishwa kunye nokulahlwa, i-EPA indulule uLawulo loMbane kwiNdawo yoMsebenzi (okt WCPP) njengenye indlela yokuvalwa. Amanyathelo olawulo abandakanya iimfuno zemida yokuvezwa, iindawo ezilawulwayo, ukubeka iliso kwi-exposure (kubandakanywa neemfuno ezintsha zokubeka iliso ngokuhambelana nokusebenza kakuhle kwebhubhoratri), izenzo zokuthobela, ukukhuselwa kokuphefumla, ukukhuselwa kwesikhumba kunye nemfundo. Le mimiselo yongezelela umgangatho we-OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, kodwa ubukhulu becala isekelwe kuloo mgangatho kunye notshintsho olubalulekileyo.
Imigangatho ye-OSHA (eyayiqale yamkelwa ngo-1997) inoMda oVunyiweyo wokuBoniso (PEL) we-25 ppm (i-8-iyure-yexesha-weighted average (TWA)) kunye ne-Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) ye-125 ppm (i-15-minute TWA) . Ngokuthelekisa, i-TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) yangoku yi-2 ppm (i-8 iyure TWA) kunye ne-STEL yi-16 ppm (i-15 iminithi TWA). Ngoko i-ECEL kuphela i-8% ye-OSHA PEL kunye ne-EPA STEL iya kuba yi-12.8% ye-OSHA STEL. Amanqanaba okulawula kufuneka asetyenziswe ngokuhambelana ne-ECEL kunye ne-STEL, kunye nolawulo lobugcisa luyinto ephambili yokuqala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokukhusela zomntu yinto yokugqibela.
Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu abahlangabezana neemfuno ze-OSHA abanako ukuhlangabezana ne-ECEL kunye ne-STEL ecetyiswayo. Ukuthandabuza malunga nokukwazi ukuhlangabezana nale mida yokuvezwa yinto ekhokelele i-EPA ukuba ivimbele ukusetyenziswa kwezoshishino kunye nezorhwebo ze-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride.
Ukongeza kwimveliso kunye nosetyenziso oludwelisiweyo, izibonelelo zeWCPP zikwasebenza ekulahlweni nasekusetyenzweni kwe-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani zokulahla inkunkuma kunye nabahlaziyiweyo abanokuthi bangaqhelani neemfuno ze-TSCA baya kufuna ukuhamba ngaphaya kwemigangatho ye-OSHA.
Ukunikezelwa kobubanzi besithintelo esicetywayo kunye nenani lamashishini abasebenzisi anokuthi achaphazeleke, amagqabantshintshi ngalo mgaqo ucetywayo angabaluleke ngakumbi kunesiqhelo. Izimvo ziya kungeniswa kwi-EPA ngo-Julayi 3, 2023. Intshayelelo icebisa ukuba imibutho ingenise izimvo kwiimfuno zamaphepha ngqo kwi-OMB ngo-Juni 2, 2023.
Phambi kokuphawula, iinkampani kunye nemibutho yorhwebo (ngokwembono yamalungu azo) inokunqwenela ukuthathela ingqalelo oku kulandelayo:
Abagqabaza banokufuna iinkcukacha zokusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-methylene chloride, ulawulo lwabo lobunjineli ukunciphisa ukuvezwa, inkqubo yokuthobela i-OSHA methylene chloride yangoku, iziphumo zokujongwa kwe-industrial hygiene ye-methylene chloride (kunye nendlela ethelekisa ngayo ne-ECEL vs. STEL uthelekiso). ; iingxaki zobuchwepheshe ezinxulumene nokuchonga okanye ukutshintshela kwenye indawo kwi-methylene chloride yokusetyenziswa kwabo; umhla abanokuthi ngawo batshintshele kwenye (ukuba kunokwenzeka); kunye nokubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwabo kwe-methylene chloride.
Amazwana anjalo anokuxhasa ukwandiswa kwexesha lokuthotyelwa kokusetyenziswa kwayo, okanye imfuno ye-EPA yokukhulula ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwe-methylene chloride ekuvinjweni phantsi kweCandelo 6 (g) le-TSCA. Icandelo 6(g)(1) lithi:
Ukuba umlawuli ufumanisa ukuba...
(A) usetyenziso olukhankanyiweyo lusetyenziso olubalulekileyo okanye oluyimfuneko ekungekho iindlela ezizezinye ezikhuselekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho nakwezoqoqosho, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iingozi neempembelelo;
(B) ukuthotyelwa kwemfuneko esebenza kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa kusenokuphazamisana noqoqosho lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye iziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo; okanye
C
Bandakanya iimeko, kubandakanywa ukugcinwa kweerekhodi ezifanelekileyo, iimfuno zokubeka iliso kunye nokunika ingxelo, ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba uMlawuli anqume ukuba le miqathango iyimfuneko ukukhusela impilo kunye nokusingqongileyo ngelixa ihlangabezana nenjongo yokukhululwa.
Intshayelelo ichaza ukuba i-EPA iya kuthathela ingqalelo ukurhoxisa iCandelo 6(g) ukuba akukho ndlela yimbi inokwenzeka kwaye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeWCPP akunakwenzeka:
Ngaphandle koko, ukuba i-EPA ayikwazi ukumisela enye indlela yale meko yokusetyenziswa [njengendlela yokudlulisa ukushisa] kwaye, ngokusekelwe kulwazi olutsha, i-EPA inquma ukuba ukuvinjelwa kokusetyenziswa kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukhuseleko lwelizwe okanye iziseko ezingundoqo, i-Arhente ye-EPA iya kuhlaziya i-TSCA iCandelo 6 (g) ukukhululwa.
Abagqabaza banokubonisa ukuba banokuhlangabezana neemfuno zeWCPP, kwaye ukuba akunjalo, yeyiphi imida yeemfuno zokuvezwa abanokuhlangabezana nazo.
I-Disclaimer: Ngenxa yobume bolu hlaziyo ngokubanzi, ulwazi olunikezelwe apha alunakusebenza kuzo zonke iimeko, kwaye akufuneki luthathwe ngaphandle kweengcebiso ezisemthethweni ezisekelwe kwimeko yakho ethile.
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