I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (i-EPA) icebise ukuba kuthintelwe phantse zonke iindlela zokusebenzisa i-dichloromethane, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-dichloromethane, isinyibilikisi esisetyenziswa kakhulu kunye noncedo lokucubungula. Oku kuthintelwa kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kumashishini amaninzi, phakathi kweepawundi ezili-100 ukuya kwezingama-250 ezigidi zeekhemikhali eziveliswa okanye ezingeniswe ngo-2019. Ukusetyenziswa okumbalwa okuseleyo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa njenge-reagent kwimveliso ye-HFC-32, kuya kuba phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo kunemigangatho ye-OSHA yangoku.
I-EPA ibhengeze ukuvinjelwa kunye nemiqathango ecetywayo kumthetho ocetywayo opapashwe nge-3 kaMeyi 2023, 83 Fed. rejista. 28284. Esi siphakamiso siza kuthintela zonke ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa i-dichloromethane ngabathengi. Nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane kwimizi-mveliso nakwezorhwebo, kuquka njengolwelo lokudlulisa ubushushu okanye olunye uncedo lwenkqubo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuninzi njengesinyibilikisi, kuya kuthintelwa, ngaphandle kweendlela ezilishumi ezithile zokusetyenziswa, ezimbini kuzo zikhethekile kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa okungavumelekanga nokungabandakanywanga kudweliswe ekupheleni kwesi silumkiso. Imithetho emitsha ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo inokugubungela ukusetyenziswa okungabandakanywanga kulo naluphi na uluhlu.
Ukusetyenziswa okulishumi okungagutyungelwanga kuthintelo kuya kubangela imfuneko yokuphumeza iSicwangciso soKhuseleko lweeKhemikhali eMsebenzini (i-WCPP) esisekelwe kumgangatho we-OSHA we-methylene chloride, kodwa ngemida ekhoyo yokuvezwa kweekhemikhali engaphantsi kwama-92% kunokuba i-OSHA ivumela.
Amaqela anomdla anethuba elikude kube ngumhla wesi-3 kuJulayi 2023 lokungenisa izimvo malunga nomthetho ocetywayo. I-EPA icele izimvo kwizihloko ezingama-44, kuquka nokuba imfuneko ye-WCPP kufuneka ithathe indawo yokuvalwa kokusetyenziswa okuthile kunye nokuba ishedyuli yokuvalwa okukhawulezileyo inokwenzeka na. I-EPA ikwacele izimvo malunga nokuba naluphi na ukusetyenziswa okungavumelekanga kufanelekile njengokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo okanye okubalulekileyo, njengoko kungekho ezinye iindlela ezikhuselekileyo ezikhoyo.
Esi siphakamiso sesesibini esicetywayo yi-EPA kwiikhemikhali ezilishumi ezibalulekileyo eziphantsi kovavanyo lomngcipheko phantsi kweCandelo 6 loMthetho woLawulo lweZinto eziTyhefu (TSCA). Okokuqala, esi siphakamiso sokuthintela zonke ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa i-chrysotile. Umthetho wesithathu uphathelele i-perchlorethylene, ebisoloko ihlaziywa yi-Ofisi yoLawulo kunye noHlahlo-lwabiwo mali (OMB) ukusukela nge-23 kaFebruwari 2023. Ukusukela nge-20 kaMatshi 2023, umthetho wokugqibela we-chrysotile (jonga isilumkiso sethu) uphantsi kophononongo lwe-OMB.
Uvavanyo lomngcipheko lukaJuni 2020 lufumanise iingozi ezingabalulekanga kuzo zonke iimeko ngaphandle kwezintandathu apho kusetyenziswe khona i-methylene chloride. Zonke ezi ntandathu ngoku zivela kuluhlu lwemiqathango yokusetyenziswa ecetywayo phantsi kweemfuno ze-WCPP. Inkcazo ehlaziyiweyo kaNovemba 2022 yomngcipheko ibonise ukuba i-dichloromethane ibeka umngcipheko ongafanelekanga iyonke, kunye nemeko enye kuphela yokusetyenziswa (ukusasazwa kwezorhwebo) engahambelani nenkcazo. Ukuvalwa okucetywayo kuya kubandakanya ukusasazwa kwezorhwebo ngeenjongo ezingavumelekanga, kodwa kungekhona ukusetyenziswa okuhambelana ne-WCPP. Emva kokufumanisa ukuba i-dichloromethane ibeka umngcipheko ongafanelekanga, iCandelo 6(a) le-TSCA ngoku lifuna i-EPA ukuba yamkele imithetho yolawulo lomngcipheko wekhemikhali kangangoko kuyimfuneko ukuze ingabi sabeka umngcipheko onjalo.
I-EPA yayikade iwalela abathengi ekusebenziseni i-methylene chloride ukususa ipeyinti kunye neengubo, 40 CFR § 751.105. I-EPA okwangoku icebisa ukuthintela konke ukusetyenziswa kwabathengi okungagutyungelwanga licandelo 751.105, kuquka ukwenziwa, ukucutshungulwa, kunye nokusasazwa kwe-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride kwezi njongo.
Ukongeza, i-EPA icebisa ukuba kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane kwimizi-mveliso nakwezorhwebo okungaxhomekekanga kwiimfuno ze-WCPP, kubandakanya ukwenziwa, ukucubungula, ukusasazwa kwezorhwebo, kunye nokusetyenziswa phantsi kwezi meko zokusetyenziswa.
Isiphelo sesi silumkiso sidwelisa iimeko ezingama-45 zoshishino, zorhwebo, kunye nabathengi ezicetywayo ukuba zithintelwe. Olu luhlu luthathwe kuVavanyo loMngcipheko luka-2020. Ukongeza, i-EPA iceba ukwamkela uMgaqo oMkhulu wokusetyenziswa okuNtsha (i-SNUR) oza kusebenza kuyo nayiphi na i-dichloromethane okanye iimveliso ezine-dichloromethane ezingabandakanywanga kuvavanyo lomngcipheko. I-ajenda yokulawula eyapapashwa ngoJanuwari iqikelela i-SNUR ecetywayo ngo-Epreli 2023 (i-EPA sele iwuphosile loo mhla) kunye ne-SNUR yokugqibela ngoMatshi 2024.
I-EPA iqikelela ukuba olu thintelo luza kubalelwa malunga nesinye kwisithathu semveliso iyonke ye-methylene chloride yonyaka okanye ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwi-TSCA nakwezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo.
[Umthetho ocetywayo awuzukusebenza kuyo nayiphi na into engabandakanywanga kwinkcazo "yekhemikhali" phantsi kweCandelo 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) le-TSCA. Ezi zinto zingabandakanywanga ziquka, kodwa azipheleli apho... nakuphi na ukutya, izongezo zokutya, iyeza, izithambiso, okanye isixhobo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiCandelo 201 loMthetho wezoKutya, amayeza, kunye nezithambiso, xa wenziwa, ucutshungulwa, okanye usasazwa ngeenjongo zorhwebo. . ukusetyenziswa ekutyeni, izongezo zokutya, amayeza, izithambiso okanye izixhobo...
Ngokuphathelele izincamathelisi ekwenziweni kweebhetri ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo lama-201(h) loMthetho wezoKutya, amayeza, kunye neZithambiso zeSizwe, ezo zixhobo zichaziweyo ezifanelekela ukuba “zizixhobo” ukuba “zenziwe, zacutshungulwa, okanye zasasazwa ukuze zisetyenziswe njengesixhobo” ziya kususwa kwinkcazo yegama elithi “ikhemikhali” kwaye ngaloo ndlela aziyi kuba phantsi kommiselo ukuba ziphuhliswa ngakumbi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane njengolwelo olusebenzayo kwinkqubo evaliweyo kwinkqubo yamayeza kufuna ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengesinyibilikisi sokukhupha amayeza ekucoceni amayeza, kwaye i-[EPA] igqibe kwelokuba olu setyenziso luwela phantsi kwezinto ezingafaniyo neenkcazo ezingasentla, kungekhona “iikhemikhali” ngokwe-TSCA.
Ukuthintelwa kwezikhuthazo ezithintela ukugcinwa kwe-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride. I-EPA icela izimvo malunga nokuba kufuneka ixesha elongezelelweyo, umzekelo, ukucoca iindlela zokusasaza iimveliso ezingavumelekanga. Ngenxa yesicelo sokuphawula ngoku, i-EPA isenokungathandi ukuqwalasela izicelo zokwandiswa kamva.
Njengoko kubonisiwe yiMiqathango yoSetyenziso oluNgavumelekanga engama-45, i-methylene chloride isetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi, kuquka nesinyibilikisi kunye noncedo lokucubungula. Ngenxa yoko, isindululo, ukuba sigqityiwe, siya kuchaphazela amashishini amaninzi. UVavanyo loMngcipheko luka-2020 lubonisa ezinye iindawo zokusetyenziswa:
I-Dichloromethane inoluhlu olubanzi lweendlela zokusetyenziswa, kuquka izinto zokuvala, iimveliso zeemoto, kunye nezinto zokususa ipeyinti kunye neengubo. I-Dichloromethane yaziwa kakhulu njengesinyibilikisi senkqubo kwizixhobo zokunciphisa ipeyinti nakwizicelo zokufaka iingubo zamayeza nezefilimu. Isetyenziswa njengearhente yokuvuthela i-polyurethane nakwimveliso yeefriji ze-hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) ezifana ne-HFC-32. Ikwafumaneka kwizixhobo zokukhupha ii-aerosol kunye nezinyibilikisi ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni izinto ze-elektroniki, ekucoceni nasekususeni i-grisi yesinyithi, nasekugqibezeleni ifenitshala.
Ithemba lokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwe-methylene chloride liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo. I-EPA iqwalasela le ngxaki xa ivavanya ezinye iindlela, ezichazwe kwintshayelelo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukumisela imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kweemveliso eziqulethe i-methylene chloride ngoku, i-EPA ichonge amakhulu eendlela ezingezizo ze-methylene chloride ezithengiswayo kwaye, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, idwelise ukwakheka kwazo okwahlukileyo kweekhemikhali okanye izithako kuVavanyo lweZindlela eziNgezinye.
I-EPA ichonge iimveliso ezingama-65 ezizezinye kudidi lwezisusa ipeyinti kunye neengubo, apho ukugqitywa kwefenitshala kuluhlu oluncinci (jonga 48). Njengoko kuphawuliwe kuhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, nangona kungengazo zonke ezi mveliso zizezinye ezinokulungela iinjongo ezithile zezicelo ezithile zokulungisa ifenitshala, iindlela zoomatshini okanye zobushushu zinokuba zezinye iindlela ezingezizo ezekhemikhali zokusebenzisa iimveliso ezine-methylene chloride zokususa ipeyinti kunye neengubo. … …I-EPA ikholelwa ukuba kukho ezinye iindlela zobugcisa nezoqoqosho ezithengiswayo…
[A] Ezinye iindlela ezingasetyenziswayo endaweni ye-methylene chloride azichongwanga njengezixhobo zokulungisa. I-EPA icela ulwazi malunga nezinye iindlela ezingasetyenziswayo endaweni yezixhobo zokulungisa i-methylene chloride njengoko zinxulumene neendlela zokulawula ezicetywayo phantsi kwesi Sivumelwano.
Ukungabikho kwezinye iindlela ezichongiweyo ezinokusetyenziswa njengezincedisi yingxaki enokubakho. I-EPA ichaza imiqathango yokusetyenziswa ngolu hlobo:
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-dichloromethane kwimizi-mveliso okanye kwezorhwebo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo okanye izixhobo zenkqubo, okanye xa i-dichloromethane yongezwa kwinkqubo okanye kwinto okanye umxube ukuze iphathwe ukutshintsha okanye ukuthintela i-pH yento okanye umxube. Iarhente yokunyanga ayibi yinxalenye yemveliso yokusabela kwaye ayichaphazeli umsebenzi wento okanye into ephumayo.
I-Dichloromethane isetyenziswa “njenge-process additive” kwaye isetyenziswa njengendawo yokudlulisa ubushushu kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo. Umthetho ocetywayo uya kuyithintela le ndlela yokusebenzisa i-dichloromethane nangona inamandla aphantsi okuvezwa. Nangona kunjalo, intshayelelo yongeza:
I-EPA icele izimvo malunga nokuba eminye imibutho esebenzisa i-methylene chloride njengoncedo lokucubungula iza kuthobela imfuneko ye-WCPP ecetywayo ye-methylene chloride. Ukuba imibutho emininzi ingabonisa ngokudibanisa idatha yokubeka esweni kunye neenkcazo zenkqubo ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-methylene chloride akubabeki abasebenzi emngciphekweni ongafanelekanga, i-EPA iqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwayo ukugqiba ummiselo apho iimeko [umz. ukusetyenziswa njengendawo yokudlulisa ubushushu] okanye iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa [njengencedo lokucubungula] zinokuqhubeka ngokuhambelana ne-WCPP…
Ngoko ke, iinkampani ezisebenzisa i-methylene chloride kwizicelo ezinefuthe eliphantsi, ezifana nolwelo lokudlulisa ubushushu, zinokukhetha ukucela i-EPA ukuba itshintshe umthetho ocetywayo wokuthintela ukusetyenziswa okunjalo ukuze kufuneke ukuphunyezwa kwe-WCPP—ukuba nje zinokubonisa kwi-EPA ukuba zinokuthobela iimfuno ze-WCCP ezixutyushwe ngezantsi. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ikwathi:
Ukuba i-EPA ayikwazi ukuchonga naziphi na ezinye iindlela ezingasetyenziswanga kule meko yokusetyenziswa kwaye ayiboneleli ngolwazi olongezelelweyo ukuze i-EPA ikwazi ukufumanisa ukuba i-WCPP iyayisusa ingozi engafanelekanga, i-Appropriate Disposition.
Icandelo 6(d) lifuna ukuba i-EPA ifune ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kungadlulanga iminyaka emi-5 emva kokukhutshwa komthetho wokugqibela. Ngamanye amazwi, ukusetyenziswa okunjalo kunokufaneleka ukwandiswa kwexesha lokuthotyelwa kwemithetho.
Kwiimeko ezilishumi zokusetyenziswa ezidweliswe ngezantsi, kubandakanya imveliso kunye nokucubungula ukuvelisa i-HFC-32, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kunye nokulahla, i-EPA icebise uLawulo loKuchaphazelwa kweNdawo yoMsebenzi (oko kukuthi i-WCPP) njengendlela eyahlukileyo yokuthintela. Amanyathelo okulawula aquka iimfuno zemida yokuvezwa, iindawo ezilawulwayo, ukujonga ukuvezwa (kubandakanya iimfuno ezintsha zokujonga ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yelabhoratri elungileyo), iindlela zokuthobela umthetho, ukhuseleko lokuphefumla, ukhuseleko lolusu, kunye nemfundo. Le migaqo yongeza umgangatho we-OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, kodwa isekelwe kakhulu kuloo mgangatho ngotshintsho olunye olubalulekileyo.
Imigangatho ye-OSHA (eyamkelwe okokuqala ngo-1997) inoMda woKutyhileka oVumelekileyo (i-PEL) we-25 ppm (umyinge wexesha leeyure ezisi-8-weighted (TWA)) kunye noMda woKutyhileka weXesha elifutshane (i-STEL) we-125 ppm (i-TWA yemizuzu eli-15). Xa kuthelekiswa, uMda woKutyhileka weKhemikhali we-TSCA (i-ECEL) wangoku yi-2 ppm (i-TWA yeeyure ezisi-8) kwaye i-STEL yi-16 ppm (i-TWA yemizuzu eli-15). Ngoko ke i-ECEL yi-8% kuphela ye-OSHA PEL kwaye i-EPA STEL iya kuba yi-12.8% ye-OSHA STEL. Amanqanaba olawulo kufuneka asetyenziswe ngokuhambelana ne-ECEL kunye ne-STEL, kunye nolawulo lobuchwephesha lube yeyona nto iphambili kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela zomntu kube yeyona ndlela yokugqibela.
Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu abahlangabezana neemfuno ze-OSHA basenokungahlangabezani ne-ECEL kunye ne-STEL ecetyiswayo. Ukuthandabuza malunga nokukwazi ukuhlangabezana nale mida yokuchatshazelwa yinto ekhokelele kwi-EPA ukuba ithintele ukusetyenziswa kwe-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride kwimizi-mveliso nakwimizi-mveliso.
Ukongeza kwiindlela zokuvelisa nezokucubungula ezidwelisiweyo, imiqathango ye-WCPP ikwasebenza ekulahlweni nasekucutshungulweni kwe-methylene chloride kunye neemveliso ezine-methylene chloride. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani zokulahla inkunkuma kunye nabathengisi abasenokungaqhelananga neemfuno ze-TSCA kuya kufuneka badlule kwimigangatho ye-OSHA.
Ngenxa yobubanzi bokuvalwa okucetywayo kunye nenani lamashishini abasebenzisi anokuchaphazeleka, izimvo ngalo mthetho ucetywayo zinokuba zibaluleke ngaphezu kwesiqhelo. Izimvo ziya kungeniswa kwi-EPA ngoJulayi 3, 2023. Intshayelelo icebisa ukuba imibutho ingenise izimvo malunga neemfuno zamaphepha ngqo kwi-OMB ngoJuni 2, 2023.
Ngaphambi kokuba baphawule, iinkampani kunye nemibutho yorhwebo (ngokwembono yamalungu azo) bangathanda ukuqwalasela oku kulandelayo:
Abahlalutyi banokufuna ukucacisa indlela abayisebenzisa ngayo i-methylene chloride, ulawulo lwabo lobunjineli ukunciphisa ukuvezwa, inkqubo yangoku yokuthobela i-OSHA methylene chloride, iziphumo zokubeka esweni ucoceko lwemizi-mveliso ye-methylene chloride (kunye nendlela ethelekiswa ngayo nothelekiso lwe-ECEL vs. STEL). ; iingxaki zobugcisa ezinxulumene nokuchonga okanye ukutshintshela kwenye indlela yokusebenzisa i-methylene chloride; umhla abanokutshintshela ngawo kwenye indlela (ukuba kunokwenzeka); kunye nokubaluleka kokusebenzisa kwabo i-methylene chloride.
Izimvo ezinjalo zinokuxhasa ukwandiswa kwexesha lokuthobela ukusetyenziswa kwayo, okanye imfuneko ye-EPA yokukhulula ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwe-methylene chloride kwisithintelo phantsi kweCandelo 6(g) le-TSCA. Icandelo 6(g)(1) lithi:
Ukuba umlawuli ufumanisa ukuba…
(A) ukusetyenziswa okuchaziweyo kukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo okanye okubalulekileyo apho kungekho ndlela zikhuselekileyo zobuchwepheshe nangokwezoqoqosho, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iingozi kunye nefuthe;
(B) ukuthotyelwa kwemfuneko esebenzayo kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa kunokuphazamisa kakhulu uqoqosho lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye iziseko ezibalulekileyo; okanye
(C) Iimeko ezichaziweyo zokusetyenziswa kwale khemikhali okanye umxube zibonelela ngenzuzo ebalulekileyo kwimpilo, kwindalo okanye kukhuseleko loluntu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela ezikhoyo.
Bandakanya imiqathango, kuquka ukugcinwa kweerekhodi ezifanelekileyo, ukubeka esweni kunye neemfuno zengxelo, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba uMlawuli agqibe kwelokuba le miqathango iyimfuneko ukukhusela impilo kunye nokusingqongileyo ngelixa kuhlangatyezwana nenjongo yokukhululwa.
Intshayelelo ithi i-EPA iya kuqwalasela ukurhoxisa iCandelo 6(g) ukuba akukho ndlela zimbi kwaye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-WCPP akunakwenzeka:
Okanye, ukuba i-EPA ayikwazi ukumisela enye indlela yale meko yokusetyenziswa [njengendlela yokudlulisa ubushushu] kwaye, ngokusekelwe kulwazi olutsha, i-EPA igqiba kwelokuba ukuvinjelwa kokusetyenziswa kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye iziseko ezibalulekileyo, i-Arhente ye-EPA iya kuhlaziya ukukhululwa kwe-TSCA kwiCandelo 6(g).
Abahlalutyi banokubonisa ukuba bayakwazi na ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-WCPP, kwaye ukuba akunjalo, zeziphi iimfuno zokuthintela ukuvezwa abanokuzihlangabezana nazo.
Isikhanyeli: Ngenxa yohlobo oluqhelekileyo lolu hlaziyo, ulwazi olunikiweyo apha lusenokungasebenzi kuzo zonke iimeko, kwaye akufuneki luthathwe amanyathelo ngaphandle kwengcebiso ethile yezomthetho ngokusekelwe kwimeko yakho ethile.
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