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Ungcoliseko lweCadmium (Cd) lubeka umngcipheko onokubakho kukhuseleko lokulinywa kwesityalo samayeza iPanax notoginseng eYunnan. Phantsi koxinzelelo lweCd olungaphandle, kwenziwe uvavanyo lwasentsimini ukuqonda imiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwelayimu (0, 750, 2250 kunye ne-3750 kg/h/m2) kunye nokutshizwa kwe-foliar nge-oxalic acid (0, 0.1 kunye ne-0.2 mol/L) ekuqokeleleni iCd kunye ne-antioxidant. Izixhobo zenkqubo kunye nezonyango zePanax notoginseng. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba phantsi koxinzelelo lweCd, ilayimu kunye ne-foliar spray ene-oxalic acid inokunyusa umxholo weCa2+ wePanax notoginseng kwaye inciphise ubuthi beCd2+. Ukongezwa kwelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid kwandisa umsebenzi wee-enzymes ze-antioxidant kwaye kwatshintsha imetabolism yabalawuli be-osmotic. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwanda komsebenzi weCAT ngamaxesha angama-2.77. Phantsi kwempembelelo ye-oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wanda ukuya kumaxesha ali-1.78. Umxholo we-MDA wehle ngama-58.38%. Kukho ulwalamano olubalulekileyo kakhulu neswekile enyibilikayo, ii-amino acids zasimahla, i-proline kunye neproteni enyibilikayo. I-lime kunye ne-oxalic acid zinokunyusa umxholo we-calcium ion (Ca2+) wePanax notoginseng, zinciphise umxholo we-Cd, ziphucule ukumelana noxinzelelo lwePanax notoginseng, kwaye zonyuse imveliso yee-saponins kunye nee-flavonoids. Umxholo we-Cd uphantsi kakhulu, ungaphantsi ngama-68.57% kunolawulo, kwaye uhambelana nexabiso eliqhelekileyo (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Umlinganiselo we-SPN wawuyi-7.73%, ufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu phakathi kwazo zonke iindlela zonyango, kwaye umxholo we-flavonoid unyuke kakhulu ngama-21.74%, ufikelela kumaxabiso aqhelekileyo ezonyango kunye nesivuno esifanelekileyo.
I-Cadmium (Cd) sisingcolisi esiqhelekileyo somhlaba olinyiweyo, sifuduka lula kwaye sinobuthi obukhulu bebhayoloji. U-El-Shafei nabanye baxele ukuba ubuthi be-cadmium buchaphazela umgangatho kunye nemveliso yezityalo ezisetyenziswayo. Amanqanaba aphezulu e-cadmium kumhlaba olinyiweyo kumzantsi-ntshona weTshayina abe mandundu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iphondo laseYunnan lilizwe laseTshayina elinobume bezinto ezahlukeneyo, apho iintlobo zezityalo zonyango zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kweli lizwe. Nangona kunjalo, iPhondo laseYunnan lityebile kwimithombo yezimbiwa, kwaye inkqubo yokwemba ngokungathandabuzekiyo ikhokelela kungcoliseko lwesinyithi esinzima emhlabeni, oluchaphazela imveliso yezityalo zonyango zasekuhlaleni.
I-Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) sisityalo esixabisekileyo kakhulu semithi ye-herbaceous esihlala sihleli esikwi-genus Panax yosapho lwe-Araliaceae. I-Panax notoginseng iphucula ukujikeleza kwegazi, isusa ukungazinzi kwegazi kwaye ithomalalise iintlungu. Indawo ephambili yemveliso yiWenshan Prefecture, kwiPhondo laseYunnan5. Ngaphezulu kwe-75% yomhlaba kwiindawo ezikhula i-ginseng zePanax notoginseng zingcoliswe yi-cadmium, kunye namanqanaba ahluka ukusuka kwi-81% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-100% kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo6. Isiphumo esinobuthi se-Cd sikwanciphisa kakhulu ukuveliswa kwezinto zonyango zePanax notoginseng, ngakumbi ii-saponins kunye nee-flavonoids. Ii-Saponins luhlobo lwe-glycosidic compound ene-aglycones ezizi-triterpenoids okanye ii-spirostanes. Zizithako eziphambili ezisebenzayo zamayeza amaninzi emveli aseTshayina kwaye ziqulethe ii-saponins. Ezinye ii-saponins zinomsebenzi wokulwa neentsholongwane okanye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yebhayoloji efana ne-antipyretic, sedative kunye ne-anticancer7. Iiflavonoids ngokubanzi zibhekisa kuluhlu lweekhompawundi apho izangqa ezimbini zebenzene ezineqela le-phenolic hydroxyl zidibene ngeeathom ezintathu zekhabhoni ephakathi. Ingundoqo ephambili yi-2-phenylchromanone 8. Yi-antioxidant enamandla enokuthi ikwazi ukukhupha ii-radicals ze-oxygen free kwizityalo. Ingathintela nokungena kwee-enzymes zebhayoloji ezivuthayo, ikhuthaze ukuphiliswa kwamanxeba kunye nokunciphisa iintlungu, kwaye inciphise amanqanaba e-cholesterol. Yenye yezona zithako ziphambili ezisebenzayo zePanax notoginseng. Kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokujongana nengxaki yongcoliseko lwe-cadmium kumhlaba kwiindawo zemveliso ye-ginseng yePanax kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwezithako zayo ezibalulekileyo zonyango.
Ilayimu yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekucoceni umhlaba ongashukumiyo kwi-cadmium contamination10. Ichaphazela ukufunxwa kunye nokubekwa kwe-Cd emhlabeni ngokunciphisa ukufumaneka kwe-Cd emhlabeni ngokunyusa ixabiso le-pH kunye nokutshintsha umthamo wokutshintshiselana kwe-soil cation (CEC), ukugcwala kwetyuwa yomhlaba (BS) kunye nokukwazi kwe-redox yomhlaba (Eh)3, 11. Ukongeza, ilayimu inika isixa esikhulu se-Ca2+, yenza i-ionic antagonism ne-Cd2+, ikhuphisana neendawo zokufunxwa kwe-Cd kwiingcambu, ithintela ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd emhlabeni, kwaye inetyhefu ephantsi yebhayoloji. Xa i-50 mmol L-1 Ca yongezwa phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Cd, ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd kumagqabi esesame kwathintelwa kwaye ukuqokelelwa kwe-Cd kwancitshiswa ngama-80%. Izifundo ezininzi ezifanayo zibikwe kwirayisi (Oryza sativa L.) nakwezinye izityalo12,13.
Ukutshiza izityalo ngefoliar ukulawula ukuqokelelwa kweentsimbi ezinzima yindlela entsha yokulawula iintsimbi ezinzima kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Umgaqo wayo unxulumene kakhulu nempendulo ye-chelation kwiiseli zezityalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubekweni kweentsimbi ezinzima eludongeni lweseli kwaye ithintele ukufunxwa kweentsimbi ezinzima zizityalo14,15. Njenge-arhente ye-diacid chelating ezinzileyo, i-oxalic acid inokutshiza ngokuthe ngqo ii-ion zesinyithi ezinzima kwizityalo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ubuthi. Uphando lubonise ukuba i-oxalic acid kwiisoya inokutshiza i-Cd2+ kwaye ikhuphe iikristale eziqulethe i-Cd ngeeseli eziphezulu ze-trichome, inciphise amanqanaba e-Cd2+ emzimbeni16. I-oxalic acid inokulawula i-pH yomhlaba, inyuse umsebenzi we-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD) kunye ne-catalase (CAT), kwaye ilawule ukungena kweswekile enyibilikayo, iiproteni ezinyibilikayo, ii-amino acids zasimahla kunye ne-proline. Abalawuli beMetabolic17,18. I-asidi kunye ne-Ca2+ engaphezulu kwisityalo zenza i-calcium oxalate precipitate phantsi kwesenzo seeproteni ze-nucleating. Ukulawula uxinano lweCa2+ kwizityalo kunokufezekisa ngempumelelo ulawulo lwe-oxalic acid enyibilikisiweyo kunye neCa2+ kwizityalo kwaye kuthintelwe ukuqokelelwa ngokugqithisileyo kwe-oxalic acid kunye neCa2+19,20.
Ubungakanani bekalika esetyenzisiweyo yenye yezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela isiphumo sokulungisa. Kufunyenwe ukuba umthamo wekalika wawuphakathi kwe-750 ukuya kwi-6000 kg/m2. Kumhlaba one-acidic one-pH ye-5.0 ~ 5.5, isiphumo sokusebenzisa ilika kwidosi ye-3000 ~ 6000 kg/h/m2 siphezulu kakhulu kunedosi ye-750 kg/h/m221. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwekalika kuya kubangela ezinye iziphumo ezimbi emhlabeni, ezifana notshintsho olukhulu kwi-pH yomhlaba kunye nokuxinana komhlaba22. Ke ngoko, sichaze amanqanaba onyango lwe-CaO njenge-0, 750, 2250 kunye ne-3750 kg hm-2. Xa i-oxalic acid isetyenziswe kwi-Arabidopsis thaliana, kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-Ca2+ yehliswe kakhulu kuxinzelelo lwe-10 mmol L-1, kwaye usapho lwe-CRT gene, oluchaphazela i-Ca2 + signaling, lwasabela ngamandla20. Ukuqokelelwa kwezinye izifundo zangaphambili kusivumele ukuba sifumanise uxinaniso lolu vavanyo kwaye sifunde ngakumbi ngempembelelo yokusebenzisana kwezongezo zangaphandle kwiCa2+ kunye neCd2+23,24,25. Ke ngoko, olu phononongo lujolise ekuphononongeni indlela yokulawula i-extogenous lime kunye ne-oxalic acid leaf spray kumxholo weCd kunye nokunyamezela uxinzelelo lwePanax notoginseng kumhlaba ongcoliswe yiCd kwaye sihlolisise ngakumbi iindlela zokuqinisekisa ngcono umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezonyango. Imveliso yePanax notoginseng. Unika isikhokelo esixabisekileyo ekwandiseni ubungakanani bokulima izityalo ze-herbaceous kumhlaba ongcoliswe yi-cadmium kunye nokufezekisa imveliso esemgangathweni ophezulu, ezinzileyo efunekayo kwimarike yamayeza.
Kusetyenziswa uhlobo lweginseng lwengingqi iWenshan Panax notoginseng njengesixhobo, kwenziwe uvavanyo lwasentsimini eLannizhai, kwiSithili saseQiubei, kwiSithili saseWenshan, kwiPhondo laseYunnan (24°11′N, 104°3′E, ukuphakama 1446 m). Ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bonyaka yi-17°C kwaye imvula eqhelekileyo yonyaka yi-1250 mm. Amaxabiso angasemva omhlaba ofundwayo yayiyi-TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkali hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, phosphorus free. 18.55 mg kg-1, potassium free 100.37 mg kg-1, iyonke i-cadmium 0.3 mg kg-1, pH 5.4.
Ngomhla we-10 kweyoMnga, ngo-2017, i-6 mg/kg yeCd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) kunye nonyango lwelayimu (0, 750, 2250 kunye ne-3750 kg/h/m2) zaxutywa zaza zasetyenziswa kumphezulu womhlaba kumaleko we-0 ~ 10 cm wesiza ngasinye. . Unyango ngalunye lwaphindwa izihlandlo ezi-3. Iiploti zovavanyo zibekwe ngokungacwangciswanga, iploti nganye igubungela indawo ye-3 m2. Izithole zePanax notoginseng ezinonyaka omnye zatyalwa emva kweentsuku ezili-15 zokulinywa. Xa usebenzisa inethi yomthunzi welanga, ukukhanya kwePanax notoginseng ngaphakathi kwenethi yomthunzi welanga malunga ne-18% yokukhanya okuqhelekileyo kwendalo. Ukulima kwenziwa ngokweendlela zokulima zendabuko zasekuhlaleni. Ngaphambi kwesigaba sokuvuthwa kwePanax notoginseng ngo-2019, fafaza i-oxalic acid ngendlela ye-sodium oxalate. Amanqanaba e-oxalic acid yayiyi-0, 0.1 kunye ne-0.2 mol L-1, ngokulandelelana, kwaye i-NaOH yasetyenziswa ukulungisa i-pH ukuya kwi-5.16 ukuze ifane ne-pH ephakathi yesisombululo se-litter leach. Futha umphezulu ophezulu nophantsi wamagqabi kanye ngeveki ngentsimbi ye-8:00 kusasa. Emva kokufutha amaxesha ama-4 kwiveki yesi-5, izityalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emi-3 ubudala zavunwa.
NgoNovemba ka-2019, izityalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala zaqokelelwa emasimini zaza zatshizwa nge-oxalic acid. Ezinye iisampulu zezityalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala ezazifuna ukulinganiswa kwemetabolism yomzimba kunye nomsebenzi we-enzyme zafakwa kwiityhubhu ukuze ziqandiswe. , zaqandiswa ngokukhawuleza nge-nitrogen engamanzi zaza zadluliselwa efrijini kwi--80°C. Ezinye iisampulu zengcambu ezaziza kulinganiswa nge-Cd kunye nomxholo wesithako esisebenzayo kwinqanaba lokuvuthwa zahlanjwa ngamanzi epompo, zomiswa kwi-105°C imizuzu engama-30, ubunzima obungaguqukiyo kwi-75°C, zaza zagaywa kwi-mortar ukuze zigcinwe.
Bulala i-0.2 g yesampulu yesityalo esomileyo, uyibeke kwiflaski ye-Erlenmeyer, yongeza i-8 ml ye-HNO3 kunye ne-2 ml ye-HClO4 uze uyigqume ubusuku bonke. Ngosuku olulandelayo, sebenzisa i-funnel egobileyo ebekwe kwiflaski ye-Erlenmeyer ukuze ugaye ngombane ude kuvele umsi omhlophe kwaye ijusi yokugaya iphume icocekile. Emva kokuba ipholile ukuya kubushushu begumbi, umxube udluliselwe kwiflaski ye-volumetric ye-10 ml. Umxholo we-Cd ufunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Bulala i-0.2 g yesampulu yesityalo esomileyo, uyibeke kwibhotile yeplastiki engama-50 ml, yongeza i-1 mol L-1 HCL kwi-10 ml, uyivale uze uyishukumise kakuhle iiyure ezili-15 uze uyihluze. Sebenzisa i-pipette, faka isixa esifunekayo se-filtrate, uyinyibilikise ngokufanelekileyo uze wongeze isisombululo se-SrCl2 ukuze uzise uxinzelelo lwe-Sr2+ kwi-1g L-1. Umxholo we-Ca ulinganiswe kusetyenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
IMalondialdehyde (MDA), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD) kunye nendlela yekhithi yesalathiso se-catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., ubhaliso lwemveliso), sebenzisa ikhithi yokulinganisa ehambelanayo. Inombolo: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (echanekileyo) 2013 Inombolo 2400147).
Bulala malunga ne-0.05 g yesampuli yePanax notoginseng uze wongeze i-anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent emacaleni etyhubhu. Shukumisa ityhubhu imizuzwana emi-2-3 ukuze udibanise kakuhle ulwelo. Beka ityhubhu kwirakhi yetyhubhu ukuze ivelise umbala imizuzu eli-15. Umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo umiselwe yi-ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-620 nm.
Bulala i-0.5 g yesampulu entsha yePanax notoginseng, uyigaye ibe yi-homogenate ngamanzi acocekileyo ayi-5 ml, uze uyi-centrifuge kwi-10,000 g imizuzu eli-10. I-supernatant yaxutywa yaba yivolumu emiselweyo. Kwasetyenziswa indlela yeCoomassie Brilliant Blue. Umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo walinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-595 nm kwaye yabalwa ngokusekelwe kwi-standard curve ye-bovine serum albumin.
Bulala i-0.5 g yesampulu entsha, yongeza i-5 ml ye-10% ye-acetic acid, uyigaye ibe yi-homogenate, uyihluze uze uyinyibilikise ibe yivolumu engaguqukiyo. Indlela yokuphuhlisa umbala isetyenziswe ngesisombululo se-ninhydrin. Umxholo we-amino acid wasimahla umiselwe yi-UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kwi-570 nm kwaye ubalwe ngokusekelwe kwi-leucine standard curve28.
Bulala i-0.5 g yesampulu entsha, yongeza i-5 ml yesisombululo se-3% se-sulfosalicylic acid, uyifudumeze emanzini uze uyishukumise imizuzu eli-10. Emva kokuba ipholile, isisombululo sihluziwe saza saziswa kwivolumu engaguqukiyo. Indlela ye-colorimetric ene-acid ninhydrin isetyenzisiwe. Umxholo we-proline umiselwe yi-ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-520 nm kwaye ibalwe ngokusekelwe kwi-proline standard curve29.
Umxholo weSaponin umiselwe yi-chromatography yolwelo esebenza kakhulu ngokubhekisele kwi-Pharmacopoeia yeRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina (uhlelo luka-2015). Umgaqo osisiseko we-chromatography yolwelo esebenza kakhulu kukusebenzisa ulwelo olunoxinzelelo oluphezulu njengesigaba esihambayo kunye nokusebenzisa itekhnoloji yokwahlulahlula amasuntswana e-ultrafine ye-chromatography yolwelo esebenza kakhulu kwisigaba esimileyo. Indlela yokusebenza yile ilandelayo:
Iimeko ze-HPLC kunye noVavanyo lokufaneleka kwenkqubo (Itheyibhile 1): Sebenzisa i-octadecylsilane bound silica gel njengesizalisi, i-acetonitrile njengesigaba esiphathwayo A kunye namanzi njengesigaba esiphathwayo B. Yenza i-gradient elution njengoko kubonisiwe kwitheyibhile engezantsi. Ububanzi bomda wokufumanisa yi-203 nm. Ngokwe-R1 peak yee-saponins zizonke zePanax notoginseng, inani leeplate zethiyori kufuneka libe yi-4000 ubuncinci.
Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo esiqhelekileyo: Linganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-ginsenoside Rg1, i-ginsenoside Rb1 kunye ne-notoginsenoside R1 uze wongeze i-methanol ukulungiselela umxube oqulethe i-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rg1, i-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rb1 kunye ne-0.1 mg ye-notoginsenoside R1 kwi-1 ml yesisombululo.
Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo sovavanyo: Bukela ubunzima be-0.6 g yePanax ginseng powder uze wongeze i-50 ml ye-methanol. Isisombululo esixutyiweyo silinganiswe (W1) saze sashiywa ubusuku bonke. Isisombululo esixutyiweyo sabiliswa kancinci emanzini okuhlamba kwi-80°C kangangeeyure ezi-2. Emva kokupholisa, linganisa isisombululo esixutyiweyo uze wongeze i-methanol elungisiweyo kwi-W1 yokuqala. Emva koko shukumisa kakuhle uze uhluze. I-filtrate ishiyelwa uhlalutyo.
Qokelela ngokuchanekileyo i-10 μL yesisombululo esiqhelekileyo kunye ne-10 μL ye-filtrate uze uyifake kwi-chromatograph yolwelo esebenza kakuhle (iThermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) ukuze ufumane umxholo we-saponin 24.
Ijika eliqhelekileyo: ukulinganiswa kwesisombululo esixutyiweyo esisemgangathweni se-Rg1, i-Rb1 kunye ne-R1. Iimeko zeChromatography ziyafana nezingasentla. Bala ijika eliqhelekileyo ngokuzoba indawo yencochoyi elinganisiweyo kwi-y-axis kunye noxinzelelo lwe-saponin kwisisombululo esiqhelekileyo kwi-x-axis. Uxinzelelo lwe-saponin lungabalwa ngokutshintsha indawo yencochoyi elinganisiweyo yesampuli kwijika eliqhelekileyo.
Bulala i-0.1 g yesampuli ye-P. notogensings uze wongeze i-50 ml yesisombululo se-70% se-CH3OH. Ukukhutshwa kwe-ultrasonic kwenziwe iiyure ezi-2, kulandele i-centrifugation kwi-4000 rpm imizuzu eli-10. Thatha i-1 ml ye-supernatant kwaye uyinyibilikise izihlandlo ezili-12. Umxholo we-flavonoid umiselwe kusetyenziswa i-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-249 nm. I-Quercetin yenye yezinto eziqhelekileyo8.
Idatha yahlelwa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-Excel 2010. Isoftware yezibalo ye-SPSS 20 yasetyenziswa ukwenza uhlalutyo lokwahluka kwedatha. Imifanekiso yathathwa kusetyenziswa i-Origin Pro 9.1. Amaxabiso ezibalo abaliweyo aquka i-mean ± SD. Iingxelo zokubaluleka kwezibalo zisekelwe kwi-P < 0.05.
Xa kuthe kwavela uxinano olufanayo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo kumagqabi, umxholo weCa kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng wanda kakhulu njengoko ubungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo busanda (Itheyibhile 2). Xa kuthelekiswa nokungabikho kwelayimu, umxholo weCa wanda nge-212% xa wongeza i-3750 kg/h/m2 yelayimu ngaphandle kokutshiza i-oxalic acid. Kwinani elifanayo lelayimu esetyenzisiweyo, umxholo weCa wanda kancinci njengoko uxinano lwe-oxalic acid spray lwanda.
Umxholo we-Cd kwiingcambu ususela kwi-0.22 ukuya kwi-0.70 mg kg-1. Kwisitshizi esifanayo se-oxalic acid, njengoko ubungakanani belayimu yongeziweyo busanda, umxholo we-Cd oyi-2250 kg/h uyancipha kakhulu. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, umxholo we-Cd kwiingcambu wehle nge-68.57% emva kokutshiza nge-2250 kg hm-2 lime kunye ne-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Xa kusetyenziswa i-lime engenalo ilayimu kunye ne-750 kg/h yelayimu, umxholo we-Cd kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng wehle kakhulu ngokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid spray. Xa kusetyenziswa i-2250 kg/m2 lime kunye ne-3750 kg/m2 lime, umxholo we-cd kwiingcambu wehla kuqala waza wanda ngokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid. Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe-bivariate lubonise ukuba ilayimu yayinempembelelo enkulu kumxholo weCa kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), ilayimu yayinempembelelo enkulu kumxholo weCd kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), kunye ne-oxalic acid. acid (F = 7.72*).
Njengoko ubungakanani belayimu buyongezwa kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo lusanda, umxholo we-MDA wehla kakhulu. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumxholo we-MDA kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng ngaphandle kokongezwa kwelayimu kunye nokongezwa kwe-3750 kg/m2 yelayimu. Ngamanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwe-750 kg/h/m2 kunye ne-2250 kg/h/m2, umxholo welayimu wonyango lwe-oxalic acid oluyi-0.2 mol/L wehle nge-58.38% kunye ne-40.21%, ngokulandelelana, xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lwe-oxalic acid olungenalo. Umxholo ophantsi we-MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) wabonwa xa kutshizwa i-750 kg hm-2 lime kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Umzobo 1).
Isiphumo sokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kumxholo we-malondialdehyde kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium. Qaphela: Intsomi ekumfanekiso ibonisa ukuxinana kwe-oxalic acid kwi-spray (mol L-1), oonobumba abancinci abahlukeneyo babonisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi konyango lokusetyenziswa kwelayimu efanayo. (P < 0.05). Okufanayo ngezantsi.
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwelayimu engama-3750 kg/h, bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kumsebenzi we-SOD kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng. Xa kongezwa i-0, 750 kunye ne-2250 kg/h/m2 yelayimu, umsebenzi we-SOD xa unyangwa ngokufafaza nge-oxalic acid kuxinzelelo lwe-0.2 mol/l wawuphezulu kakhulu kunokuba wawungasetyenziswanga i-oxalic acid, wanda nge-177.89%, 61.62% kunye ne-45.08% ngokulandelelana. Umsebenzi we-SOD kwiingcambu (598.18 U g-1) wawuphezulu xa kungekho kusetyenziswa kwelayimu kwaye xa unyangwa ngokufafaza nge-oxalic acid kuxinzelelo lwe-0.2 mol/l. Xa i-oxalic acid ifafazwa kuxinzelelo olufanayo okanye i-0.1 mol L-1, umsebenzi we-SOD wanda ngokwandisa inani lelayimu elongeziweyo. Emva kokufafaza nge-0.2 mol/L oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wehla kakhulu (Umzobo 2).
Impembelelo yokutshiza amagqabi nge-oxalic acid kumsebenzi we-superoxide dismutase, i-peroxidase kunye ne-catalase kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium.
Njengomsebenzi we-SOD kwiingcambu, umsebenzi we-POD kwiingcambu ezinyangiweyo ngaphandle kwelayimu kwaye zitshizwe nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid yayiyeyona iphezulu (63.33 µmol g-1), ephezulu nge-148.35% kunolawulo (25.50 µmol g-1). Ngokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid kunye nonyango lwelayimu lwe-3750 kg/m2, umsebenzi we-POD waqala wanda waza wehla. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyango nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-POD xa unyangwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid wehla nge-36.31% (Umzobo 2).
Ngaphandle kokutshiza i-0.2 mol/l ye-oxalic acid kunye nokongeza i-2250 kg/h/m2 okanye i-3750 kg/h/m2 lime, umsebenzi we-CAT wawuphezulu kakhulu kunolawulo. Xa kutshizwa i-0.1 mol/l ye-oxalic acid kunye nokongeza i-0.2250 kg/m2 okanye i-3750 kg/h/m2 lime, umsebenzi we-CAT wanda nge-276.08%, 276.69% kunye ne-33.05%, ngokulandelelana, xa kuthelekiswa nonyango ngaphandle kokutshiza i-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-CAT kwiingcambu wawuphezulu (803.52 μmol/g) kunyango lwe-no-lime kunye nonyango lwe-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-CAT wawuphantsi kakhulu (172.88 μmol/g) xa kunyangwa nge-3750 kg/h/m yelame kunye ne-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid (Umzobo 2).
Uhlalutyo lwe-Bivariate lubonise ukuba umsebenzi we-CAT kunye nomsebenzi we-MDA weengcambu zePanax notoginseng zidibene kakhulu nobungakanani be-oxalic acid okanye ilayimu etshiziweyo kunye nonyango olubini (Itheyibhile 3). Umsebenzi we-SOD kwiingcambu wawunxulumene kakhulu nonyango lwelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid okanye uxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid spray. Umsebenzi we-Root POD wawuxhomekeke kakhulu kubungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo okanye unyango lwelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid.
Umxholo weeswekile ezinyibilikayo ezingcanjini wehla ngokwandisa ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwelayisi kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid spray. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumxholo weeswekile ezinyibilikayo kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwelayisi kwaye xa kufakwe i-750 kg/h/m yelayisi. Xa kufakwe i-2250 kg/m2 yelayisi, umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo xa kunyangwa nge-0.2 mol/L oxalic acid wawuphezulu kakhulu kunowo xa kunyangwa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-oxalic acid, unyuka nge-22.81%. Xa kufakwe i-3750 kg h/m2 yelayisi, umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo wehla kakhulu njengoko uxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo lusanda. Umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo xa kunyangwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid wehla nge-38.77% xa kuthelekiswa nalowo ungafakwanga i-oxalic acid. Ukongeza, unyango lwe-oxalic acid spray ye-0.2 mol·L-1 lwalunomlinganiselo weswekile ophantsi kakhulu onyibilikayo, owawuyi-205.80 mg·g-1 (Umzobo 3).
Isiphumo sokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kumxholo weswekile epheleleyo enyibilikayo kunye neproteni enyibilikayo kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng eziphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium
Umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kwiingcambu wehla ngokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwelayimu kunye nonyango lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Ngaphandle kokongezwa kwelayimu, umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo xa unyangwa nge-oxalic acid spray kuxinzelelo lwe-0.2 mol L-1 wehliswe kakhulu nge-16.20% xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo. Akukho mahluko abalulekileyo kumxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng xa kufakwa i-750 kg/h yelayimu. Phantsi kweemeko zokusetyenziswa ze-2250 kg/h/m yelayimu, umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo we-0.2 mol/L ye-oxalic acid spray wawuphezulu kakhulu kunowonyango lokutshiza nge-non-oxalic acid (35.11%). Xa kusetyenziswa i-3750 kg·h/m2 yelayimu, umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo wehla kakhulu njengoko uxinano lwe-oxalic acid spray lwanda, kunye nomxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo ophantsi (269.84 μg·g-1) xa i-oxalic acid spray yayiyi-0.2 mol·L-1. unyango (Umzobo 3).
Akukho mahluko abalulekileyo kumxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla kwingcambu yePanax notoginseng xa kungekho kusetyenziswa kwelayisi. Njengoko uxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid olutshizwayo lusanda kwaye kongezwa i-750 kg/h/m2 yelayisi, umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla waqala wehla waza wanda. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyango ngaphandle kokutshiza i-oxalic acid, umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla wanda kakhulu nge-33.58% xa kutshizwa i-2250 kg hm-2 lime kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla wehla kakhulu ngokwanda koxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid olutshizwayo kunye nokongezwa kwe-3750 kg/m2 yelayisi. Umxholo we-amino acid zasimahla we-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment wehliswe nge-49.76% xa kuthelekiswa nonyango lwe-non-oxalic acid spray. Umxholo we-amino acid zasimahla wawuphezulu ngaphandle kwe-oxalic acid spray kwaye wawuyi-2.09 mg g-1. Unyango lwe-oxalic acid spray ye-0.2 mol/L lwalune-free amino acid encinci kakhulu (1.05 mg/g) (Umzobo 4).
Impembelelo yokutshiza amagqabi nge-oxalic acid kumxholo we-amino acids zasimahla kunye ne-proline kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo lwe-cadmium.
Umxholo weproline kwiingcambu wehla ngokwanda komthamo welayimu esetyenzisiweyo kunye nomthamo wokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumxholo weproline wengcambu yePanax ginseng xa ilayimu ingafakwanga. Njengoko uxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid olutshizwayo lusanda kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-750 okanye i-2250 kg/m2 yelayimu kusanda, umxholo weproline waqala wehla waza wanda. Umxholo weproline wonyango lwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray wawuphezulu kakhulu kunowonyango lwe-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray, unyuka nge-19.52% kunye ne-44.33%, ngokulandelelana. Xa kongezwa i-3750 kg/m2 yelayimu, umxholo weproline wehla kakhulu njengoko uxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid etshizwayo lusanda. Emva kokutshiza i-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, umxholo weproline wehla nge-54.68% xa kuthelekiswa nalowo ungatshizanga i-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-proline ophantsi wawukwi-0.2 mol/l ye-oxalic acid kwaye wawufikelela kwi-11.37 μg/g (Umzobo 4).
Umxholo we-saponin iyonke kwiPanax notoginseng yi-Rg1>Rb1>R1. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumxholo wee-saponins ezintathu kunye noxinzelelo olukhulayo lwe-oxalic acid spray kunye noxinzelelo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwelayisi (Itheyibhile 4).
Umxholo we-R1 emva kokutshiza i-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid wawuphantsi kakhulu kunokuba wawungatshizanga i-oxalic acid kwaye wasebenzisa idosi yelayimu ye-750 okanye 3750 kg/m2. Kwi-oxalic acid etshiziweyo ye-0 okanye 0.1 mol/L, bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kumxholo we-R1 kunye nokwanda kwenani lelayimu elongeziweyo. Kwi-oxalic acid etshiziweyo ye-0.2 mol/L, umxholo we-R1 kwi-3750 kg/h/m2 yelayimu wawuphantsi kakhulu kune-43.84% ngaphandle kokongeza ilayimu (Itheyibhile 4).
Njengoko uxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid olutshizwayo lusanda kwaye kongezwa i-750 kg/m2 yelayimu, umxholo we-Rg1 uqale wanda waza wehla. Kwizinga lokusetyenziswa kwelayimu ezingama-2250 kunye nama-3750 kg/h, umxholo we-Rg1 wehla ngokunyuka koxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid olutshizwayo. Kwizinga elifanayo le-oxalic acid etshizwayo, njengoko ubungakanani belayimu busanda, umxholo we-Rg1 uqala unyuke uze wehle. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, ngaphandle komxholo we-Rg1 kumanqanaba amathathu e-oxalic acid kunye nonyango lwelayimu oluyi-750 kg/m2, olwaluphezulu kunolawulo, umxholo we-Rg1 kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng kwezinye iindlela zonyango wawuphantsi kunolawulo. Umxholo ophezulu we-Rg1 wawukukuba xa kutshizwa i-750 kg/h/m2 yelayimu kunye ne-0.1 mol/l ye-oxalic acid, eyayiphezulu nge-11.54% kunolawulo (Itheyibhile 4).
Njengoko uxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid kunye nobungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo benyuka ngesantya sokuhamba kwe-2250 kg/h, umxholo we-Rb1 waqala wanda waza wehla. Emva kokutshiza i-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, umxholo we-Rb1 ufikelele kwixabiso eliphezulu le-3.46%, elingaphezulu nge-74.75% kunangaphandle kokutshiza i-oxalic acid. Kwezinye iindlela zonyango lwelayimu, bekungekho mahluko abalulekileyo phakathi koxinaniso olwahlukeneyo lwe-oxalic acid spray. Emva kokutshiza nge-0.1 kunye ne-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, njengoko ubungakanani belayimu bukhula, umxholo we-Rb1 waqala wehla waza wehla (Itheyibhile 4).
Kwixesha elifanayo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid, njengoko ubungakanani belayimu bongeziwe, umxholo we-flavonoids wawuqala unyuke uze unciphe. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumxholo we-flavonoids owafunyaniswayo xa kutshizwa amazinga ahlukeneyo e-oxalic acid ngaphandle kwelayimu kunye ne-3750 kg/m2 yelayimu. Xa kudityaniswa i-750 kunye ne-2250 kg/m2 yelayimu, njengoko uxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo lusanda, umxholo we-flavonoids wawuqala unyuke uze unciphe. Xa kutshizwa i-750 kg/m2 kwaye kutshizwa i-oxalic acid kuxinzelelo lwe-0.1 mol/l, umxholo we-flavonoids wawuphezulu – 4.38 mg/g, ongaphezulu nge-18.38% kunaxa kutshizwa inani elifanayo lelayimu, kwaye kwakungekho mfuneko yokutshiza i-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-flavonoids xa unyangwa nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray unyuke nge-21.74% xa kuthelekiswa nonyango olungenayo i-oxalic acid kunye nonyango ngelayimu ngedosi ye-2250 kg/m2 (Umzobo 5).
Impembelelo yokutshiza amagqabi nge-oxalate kumxholo we-flavonoids kwingcambu yePanax notoginseng phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium
Uhlalutyo lwe-Bivariate lubonise ukuba umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng uxhomekeke kakhulu kubungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo. Umxholo weproteni enyibilikayo kwiingcambu unxulumene kakhulu nomthamo welayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-amino acids zasimahla kunye ne-proline kwiingcambu unxulumene kakhulu nobungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo, uxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo, ilayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid (Itheyibhile 5).
Umxholo we-R1 kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng wawuxhomekeke kakhulu kubungakanani be-oxalic acid etshiziweyo, ubungakanani belayimu, ilayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid esetyenzisiweyo. Ubungakanani be-flavonoids buxhomekeke kakhulu kubungakanani be-oxalic acid spray kunye nobungakanani belayimu eyongeziweyo.
Kuye kwasetyenziswa utshintsho oluninzi ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-cadmium kwizityalo ngokulungisa i-cadmium emhlabeni, njengelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid30. Ilayimu isetyenziswa kakhulu njengolungiso lomhlaba ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-cadmium kwizityalo31. ULiang et al. 32 baxele ukuba i-oxalic acid ingasetyenziselwa ukulungisa umhlaba ongcoliswe ziintsimbi ezinzima. Emva kokuba kufakwe amanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-oxalic acid kumhlaba ongcolisiweyo, umxholo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba wanda, umthamo wotshintshiselwano lwe-cation wehla, kwaye i-pH yanda33. I-oxalic acid ingasabela nee-ion zesinyithi emhlabeni. Phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo lwe-Cd, umxholo we-Cd kwiPanax notoginseng wanda kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kusetyenziswa ilayimu, iyancipha kakhulu. Xa kusetyenziswa i-750 kg/h/m yelayimu kolu phononongo, umxholo we-Cd weengcambu wafikelela kumgangatho wesizwe (umda we-Cd yi-Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), kwaye isiphumo saba sihle. . Isiphumo esihle kakhulu sifumaneka ngokongeza i-2250 kg/m2 yelayimu. Ukongezwa kwelayimu kudala inani elikhulu leendawo zokukhuphisana zeCa2+ kunye neCd2+ emhlabeni, kwaye ukongezwa kwe-oxalic acid kunciphisa umxholo weCd kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng. Emva kokuxuba ilayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid, umxholo weCd wengcambu yePanax ginseng wehle kakhulu kwaye wafikelela kumgangatho wesizwe. I-Ca2+ emhlabeni ifunxwa kumphezulu weengcambu ngenkqubo yokuhamba kobuninzi kwaye inokufunxwa kwiiseli zengcambu ngokusebenzisa imijelo yecalcium (imijelo yeCa2+), iipompo zecalcium (Ca2+-AT-Pase) kunye nee-antiporters zeCa2+/H+, ize ithuthwe ngokuthe tye. ukuya kwiingcambu. Xylem23. Kwakukho ulwalamano olubi olubalulekileyo phakathi komxholo weCa kunye neCd kwiingcambu (P < 0.05). Umxholo weCd wehla ngokwanda komxholo weCa, okuhambelana nengcamango yokuchasana phakathi kweCa kunye neCd. I-ANOVA ibonise ukuba ubungakanani belayimu bunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumxholo weCa kwingcambu yePanax notoginseng. UPongrack et al. 35 uxele ukuba i-Cd ibopha kwi-oxalate kwiikristale ze-calcium oxalate kwaye ikhuphisana ne-Ca. Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo sokulawula se-oxalic acid kwi-Ca besingabalulekanga. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuhla kwe-calcium oxalate kwi-oxalic acid kunye ne-Ca2+ akuyonto ilula, kwaye inkqubo ye-coprecipitation inokulawulwa ziindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-metabolic.
Phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium, inani elikhulu leentlobo ze-reactive oxygen (ROS) lenziwa kwizityalo, nto leyo eyonakalisa ulwakhiwo lwee-membranes zeseli36. Umxholo we-Malondialdehyde (MDA) ungasetyenziswa njengesalathisi sokugweba inqanaba le-ROS kunye nobungakanani bomonakalo kwi-plasma membrane yezityalo37. Inkqubo ye-antioxidant yindlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela yokususa iintlobo ze-reactive oxygen38. Imisebenzi yee-enzymes ze-antioxidant (kuquka i-POD, i-SOD, kunye ne-CAT) idla ngokutshintshwa luxinzelelo lwe-cadmium. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba umxholo we-MDA unxulumene kakuhle noxinzelelo lwe-Cd, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ubungakanani be-lipid peroxidation ye-membrane yezityalo buyanda ngoxinzelelo lwe-Cd olukhulayo37. Oku kuhambelana neziphumo zophando luka-Ouyang et al.39. Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba umxholo we-MDA uchatshazelwa kakhulu yilayimu, i-oxalic acid, ilayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid. Emva kokufunxwa kwe-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid, umxholo we-MDA wePanax notoginseng wehla, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-oxalic acid inokunciphisa ukufumaneka kwe-Cd kunye ne-ROS kwiPanax notoginseng. Inkqubo ye-enzyme ye-antioxidant kulapho umsebenzi wokukhupha ityhefu wesityalo uqhubeka khona. I-SOD isusa i-O2- equlethwe kwiiseli zezityalo kwaye ivelise i-O2 engenabungozi kunye ne-H2O2 engenabungozi. I-POD kunye ne-CAT zisusa i-H2O2 kwizicubu zezityalo kwaye zivuselela ukubola kwe-H2O2 kwi-H2O. Ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwe-proteome ye-iTRAQ, kufunyenwe ukuba amanqanaba okubonakaliswa kweproteni ye-SOD kunye ne-PAL anciphile kwaye amanqanaba okubonakaliswa kwe-POD anyuswe emva kokusetyenziswa kwelayimu phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Cd40. Imisebenzi ye-CAT, i-SOD kunye ne-POD kwingcambu yePanax notoginseng ichaphazeleke kakhulu yidosi ye-oxalic acid kunye nelayimu. Unyango lokutshiza nge-0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid lwandise kakhulu umsebenzi we-SOD kunye ne-CAT, kodwa isiphumo sokulawula kumsebenzi we-POD sasingabonakali. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-oxalic acid ikhawulezisa ukubola kwe-ROS phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Cd kwaye ikakhulu igqibezela ukususwa kwe-H2O2 ngokulawula umsebenzi we-CAT, okufana neziphumo zophando zikaGuo ​​et al.41 kwi-enzymes ze-antioxidant ze-Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). Isiphumo sokongeza i-750 kg/h/m2 yelayimu kumsebenzi wee-enzymes zenkqubo ye-antioxidant kunye nomxholo we-malondialdehyde sifana nesiphumo sokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba unyango lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid lunokuphucula ngempumelelo imisebenzi ye-SOD kunye ne-CAT kwi-Panax notoginseng kwaye lonyuse ukumelana noxinzelelo lwe-Panax notoginseng. Imisebenzi ye-SOD kunye ne-POD yehlisiwe ngonyango nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid kunye ne-3750 kg hm-2 lime, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukutshiza kakhulu kwamanqanaba aphezulu e-oxalic acid kunye ne-Ca2+ kunokubangela uxinzelelo kwizityalo, nto leyo ehambelana nophando lwe-Luo kunye nabanye. Wait 42.