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Ungcoliseko lweCadmium (Cd) lubeka emngciphekweni ukulima isityalo samayeza iPanax notoginseng kwiPhondo laseYunnan. Phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo lweCd oluvela ngaphandle, kwenziwe uvavanyo lwasentsimini ukuqonda isiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu (0.750, 2250 kunye ne-3750 kg bm-2) kunye ne-oxalic acid spray (0, 0.1 kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1) ekuqokeleleni kweCd. kunye nesenzo se-antioxidant. Izixhobo zenkqubo kunye nezonyango ezichaphazela iPanax notoginseng. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ukutshiza i-quicklime kunye ne-foliar nge-oxalic acid kunokunyusa amanqanaba eCa2+ kwiPanax notoginseng phantsi koxinzelelo lweCd kwaye kunciphise ubuthi beCd2+. Ukongezwa kwelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid kwandisa umsebenzi wee-enzymes ze-antioxidant kwaye kwatshintsha imetabolism yee-osmoregulators. Umsebenzi we-CAT wanda kakhulu, wanda amaxesha angama-2.77. Umsebenzi ophezulu we-SOD wanda ngamaxesha ali-1.78 xa unyangwa nge-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-MDA wehle ngama-58.38%. Kukho ulwalamano olubalulekileyo kakhulu neswekile enyibilikayo, i-amino acid ekhululekileyo, i-proline, kunye neproteni enyibilikayo. I-lime kunye ne-oxalic acid zinokunyusa i-calcium ions (Ca2+), zinciphise i-Cd, ziphucule ukunyamezela uxinzelelo kwiPanax notoginseng, kwaye zonyuse i-saponins iyonke kunye nemveliso ye-flavonoid. Umxholo we-Cd wawungowona uphantsi, ungaphantsi ngama-68.57% kunakwi-control, ehambelana nexabiso eliqhelekileyo (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Umlinganiselo we-SPN wawuyi-7.73%, ofikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lonyango ngalunye, kwaye umxholo we-flavonoids wanda kakhulu ngama-21.74%, wafikelela kwixabiso eliqhelekileyo leyeza kunye nesivuno esihle.
I-Cadmium (Cd), njengengcolisi eqhelekileyo kumhlaba olinyiweyo, ifuduka ngokulula kwaye inetyhefu enkulu yebhayoloji1. U-El ​​Shafei et al. 2 uxele ukuba ubuthi be-Cd buchaphazela umgangatho kunye nemveliso yezityalo ezisetyenziswayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imeko ye-cadmium egqithisileyo kumhlaba womhlaba olinyiweyo kumzantsi-ntshona weTshayina iye yaba mandundu kakhulu. IPhondo laseYunnan lilizwe laseTshayina elinoBume beZinto ezahlukeneyo, apho iintlobo zezityalo zonyango ziqala khona kweli lizwe. Nangona kunjalo, izibonelelo zeeminerali ezityebileyo zePhondo laseYunnan ngokungenakuphepheka zikhokelela ekungcolisweni kwesinyithi esinzima somhlaba ngexesha lenkqubo yokwemba, nto leyo echaphazela ukuveliswa kwezityalo zonyango zasekuhlaleni.
I-Panax notoginseng (Burkill) iChen3 sisityalo esixabisekileyo kakhulu semithi yezityalo esihlala sihleli esikwi-genus Araliaceae iPanax ginseng. Ingcambu yePanax notoginseng ikhuthaza ukujikeleza kwegazi, isusa ukuxinana kwegazi kwaye ithomalalise iintlungu. Indawo ephambili yemveliso yiWenshan Prefecture, iPhondo laseYunnan 5. Ungcoliseko lwe-Cd belukho ngaphezulu kwe-75% yomhlaba kwindawo yokutyala yePanax notoginseng kwaye ludlule kwi-81-100% kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo6. Isiphumo esinobuthi se-Cd sikwanciphisa kakhulu imveliso yezixhobo zonyango zePanax notoginseng, ngakumbi ii-saponins kunye nee-flavonoids. Ii-Saponins ziluhlu lwee-aglycones, phakathi kwazo ii-aglycones zii-triterpenoids okanye ii-spirosteranes, ezizezona zithako ziphambili zamayeza amaninzi ezityalo zaseTshayina kwaye ziqulethe ii-saponins. Ezinye ii-saponins zikwanazo nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yebhayoloji efana nomsebenzi wokulwa neentsholongwane, umsebenzi wokulwa ne-pyretic, wokuthomalalisa kunye nomsebenzi wokulwa nomhlaza7. Iiflavonoids ngokubanzi zibhekisa kuluhlu lweekhompawundi apho izangqa ezimbini zebenzene ezineqela le-phenolic hydroxyl zidityaniswa ngeeathom ezintathu zekhabhoni ephakathi, kwaye isiseko esiphambili yi-2-phenylchromanone 8. Yi-antioxidant enamandla, enokususa ngempumelelo ii-radicals ze-oxygen free kwizityalo, ithintele ukuphuma kwee-enzymes zebhayoloji ezivuthayo, ikhuthaze ukuphiliswa kwamanxeba kunye nokunciphisa iintlungu, kwaye inciphise amanqanaba e-cholesterol. Yenye yezona zithako ziphambili ezisebenzayo zePanax Ginseng. Ukusombulula ingxaki yongcoliseko lomhlaba nge-cadmium kwiindawo zemveliso yePanax notoginseng yimeko ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwezinto zayo eziphambili zonyango.
Ilayimu yenye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zokulungisa ungcoliseko lomhlaba we-cadmium kwindawo ethile. Ichaphazela ukufunxwa kunye nokubekwa kwe-Cd emhlabeni kwaye inciphisa umsebenzi webhayoloji we-Cd emhlabeni ngokunyusa i-pH kunye nokutshintsha amandla okutshintshiselana komhlaba (CEC), ukugcwala kwetyuwa yomhlaba (BS), amandla okubuyisela umhlaba (Eh)3,11 ukusebenza kakuhle. . Ukongeza, ilayimu inika isixa esikhulu se-Ca2+, esenza i-ionic antagonism ne-Cd2+, ikhuphisana neendawo zokufunxwa kweengcambu, ithintela ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd ukuya kwihlumela, kwaye inetyhefu ephantsi yebhayoloji. Ngokongeza i-50 mmol l-1 Ca phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Cd, ukuthuthwa kwe-Cd kumagqabi esesame kwathintelwa kwaye ukuqokelelwa kwe-Cd kwancitshiswa ngama-80%. Izifundo ezininzi ezinxulumene noko zixeliwe ngerayisi (Oryza sativa L.) kunye nezinye izityalo12,13.
Ukutshiza amagqabi ezityalo ukulawula ukuqokelelwa kweentsimbi ezinzima yindlela entsha yokujongana neentsimbi ezinzima kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Lo mgaqo unxulumene kakhulu nempendulo ye-chelation kwiiseli zezityalo, ebangela ukuba iintsimbi ezinzima zibekwe eludongeni lweseli kwaye ithintele ukufunxwa kweentsimbi ezinzima zizityalo14,15. Njenge-arhente ezinzileyo ye-dicarboxylic acid chelating, i-oxalic acid inokutshiza ngokuthe ngqo ii-ion zesinyithi ezinzima kwizityalo, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ubuthi. Izifundo zibonise ukuba i-oxalic acid kwiisoya inokutshiza i-Cd2+ kwaye ikhuphe iikristale eziqulethe i-Cd ngeeseli ze-trichome apical, inciphise amanqanaba e-Cd2+ emzimbeni16. I-oxalic acid inokulawula i-pH yomhlaba, yonyuse imisebenzi ye-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD), kunye ne-catalase (CAT), kwaye ilawule ukungena kweswekile enyibilikayo, iiproteni ezinyibilikayo, ii-amino acids zasimahla, kunye ne-proline. Iimodulators zeMetabolic 17,18. Izinto ezi-asidi kunye ne-Ca2+ engaphezulu kwizityalo ze-oxalate zenza i-calcium oxalate precipitates phantsi kwesenzo seeproteni zentsholongwane. Ukulawulwa koxinzelelo lweCa2+ kwizityalo kunokulawula ngempumelelo i-oxalic acid enyibilikisiweyo kunye neCa2+ kwizityalo kwaye kuthintele ukuqokelelwa kakhulu kwe-oxalic acid kunye neCa2+19,20.
Ubungakanani bekalika esetyenzisiweyo yenye yezinto eziphambili ezichaphazela isiphumo sokubuyiselwa. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwekalika kususela kwi-750 ukuya kwi-6000 kg·h·m−2. Kwimihlaba ene-acidic ene-pH 5.0-5.5, isiphumo sokusetyenziswa kwekalika kwidosi ye-3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 sasiphezulu kakhulu kunedosi ye-750 kg·h·m-221. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwekalika kuya kubangela ezinye iziphumo ezimbi emhlabeni, ezifana notshintsho olukhulu kwi-pH yomhlaba kunye nokuxinana komhlaba22. Ke ngoko, simise amanqanaba onyango lwe-CaO njenge-0, 750, 2250 kunye ne-3750 kg·h·m−2. Xa i-oxalic acid isetyenziswe kwi-Arabidopsis, i-Ca2+ yafunyaniswa ukuba yehlile kakhulu kwi-10 mM L-1, kwaye usapho lwe-CRT oluchaphazela i-Ca2+ signaling lwalusabela kakhulu20. Ukuqokelelwa kwezinye izifundo zangaphambili kusivumele ukuba sifumanise uxinaniso lolu vavanyo size siqhubeke nokufunda ukusebenzisana kwezongezo zangaphandle kwiCa2+ kunye neCd2+23,24,25. Ngoko ke, olu phononongo lujolise ekuphononongeni indlela yokulawula yemiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwelayimu engaphandle kunye nokutshizwa kwe-oxalic acid kumxholo weCd kunye nokunyamezela uxinzelelo lwePanax notoginseng kumhlaba ongcoliswe yiCd, kunye nokuphonononga ngakumbi iindlela ezilungileyo kunye neendlela zomgangatho weyeza. Isiqinisekiso sokuphuma kwiPanax notoginseng. Ibonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo lokukhokela ukwandiswa kokulima imifuno kumhlaba ongcoliswe yicadmium kunye nokubonelela ngemveliso esemgangathweni ophezulu, ezinzileyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike zamayeza.
Kusetyenziswa uhlobo lwengingqi iWenshan notoginseng njengezinto ezibonakalayo, kwenziwe uvavanyo lwasentsimini eLannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, ukuphakama 1446m), iQiubei County, iWenshan Prefecture, iPhondo laseYunnan. Ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bonyaka yi-17°C kwaye imvula eqhelekileyo yonyaka yi-1250 mm. Amaxabiso angasemva omhlaba ofundwayo: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, i-alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg -1, isebenza kakuhle yi-P 18.55. mg kg-1, ifumaneka yi-K 100.37 mg kg-1, i-Cd iyonke yi-0.3 mg kg-1 kunye ne-pH 5.4.
Ngomhla we-10 kweyoMnga, i-6 mg/kg yeCd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) kunye nelayimu (0.750, 2250 kunye ne-3750 kg h m-2) zafakwa zaza zaxutywa nomhlaba ongaphezulu we-0–10 cm kwisiza ngasinye, ngo-2017. Unyango ngalunye lwaphindwa izihlandlo ezi-3. Iisiza zovavanyo zafunyanwa ngokungacwangciswanga, indawo yesiza ngasinye yayiyi-3 m2. Izithole zePanax notoginseng ezinonyaka omnye zatyalwa emva kweentsuku ezili-15 zokulima emhlabeni. Xa kusetyenziswa iminatha yomthunzi, ukukhanya kwePanax notoginseng kwikhanophi yomthunzi malunga ne-18% yokukhanya okuqhelekileyo kwendalo. Khulisa ngokweendlela zokukhula zemveli zasekuhlaleni. Kwinqanaba lokuvuthwa kwePanax notoginseng ngo-2019, i-oxalic acid iya kutshizwa njenge-sodium oxalate. Uxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid yayiyi-0, 0.1 kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1, ngokulandelelana, kwaye i-pH yalungiswa yaba yi-5.16 nge-NaOH ukuze ifane ne-pH ephakathi ye-debris filtrate. Futha umphezulu ophezulu nowasezantsi wamagqabi kanye ngeveki ngentsimbi yesi-8 kusasa. Emva kokufutha izihlandlo ezi-4, izityalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emi-3 ubudala zavunwa ngeveki yesi-5.
NgoNovemba ka-2019, izityalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala ezinyangwe nge-oxalic acid zaqokelelwa endle. Ezinye iisampulu zezityalo zePanax notoginseng ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala eziza kuvavanywa imetabolism yomzimba kunye nomsebenzi we-enzyme zafakwa kwiityhubhu zefriji, zaqandiswa ngokukhawuleza kwi-nitrogen engamanzi, zaza zadluliselwa efrijini kwi--80°C. Inxalenye yesigaba sokuvuthwa kufuneka imiselwe kwiisampulu zengcambu ze-Cd kunye nomxholo wesithako esisebenzayo. Emva kokuhlamba ngamanzi epompo, yomise kwi-105°C imizuzu engama-30, ubambe ubunzima kwi-75°C kwaye ucole iisampulu kwi-mortar. Gcina.
Bulala i-0.2 g yeesampuli zezityalo ezomileyo kwiflaski ye-Erlenmeyer, yongeza i-8 ml ye-HNO3 kunye ne-2 ml ye-HClO4 kunye ne-stopper ubusuku bonke. Ngosuku olulandelayo, i-funnel enentamo egobileyo ifakwa kwiflaski engunxantathu ukuze ibole ngombane de kuvele umsi omhlophe kwaye isisombululo sokubola sicace. Emva kokuba upholile ukuya kubushushu begumbi, umxube udluliselwe kwiflaski ye-volumetric ye-10 ml. Umxholo we-Cd umiselwe kwi-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Bulala i-0.2 g yeesampuli zezityalo ezomileyo kwibhotile yeplastiki engama-50 ml, yongeza i-10 ml ye-1 mol l-1 HCL, uyivale uze uyishukumise iiyure ezili-15 uze uyihluze. Usebenzisa i-pipette, thabatha ubungakanani obufunekayo be-filtrate ukuze ufumane i-dilution efanelekileyo kwaye wongeze isisombululo se-SrCl2 ukuze uzise i-concentration ye-Sr2+ kwi-1 g L–1. Umxholo we-Ca umiselwe kusetyenziswa i-atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
IMalondialdehyde (MDA), i-superoxide dismutase (SOD), i-peroxidase (POD), kunye nendlela yekhithi yesalathiso se-catalase (CAT) (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., inombolo yobhaliso lwemveliso), sebenzisa ikhithi yokulinganisa ehambelanayo: Jingyaodianji (quasi) word 2013 No. 2400147).
Linganisa i-0.05 g yesampuli yePanax notoginseng uze wongeze i-anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent ecaleni kwetyhubhu. Shukumisa ityhubhu imizuzwana emi-2-3 ukuze udibanise kakuhle ulwelo. Beka ityhubhu kwirakhi yetyhubhu yovavanyo imizuzu eli-15. Umxholo weeswekile ezinyibilikayo umiselwe kusetyenziswa i-UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-620 nm.
Bulala i-0.5 g yesampulu entsha yePanax notoginseng, uyigaye ibe yi-homogenate kunye ne-5 ml yamanzi acociweyo kunye ne-centrifuge kwi-10,000 g imizuzu eli-10. Nciphisa i-supernatant ibe yivolumu emiselweyo. Kusetyenziswe indlela yeCoomassie Brilliant Blue. Umxholo weproteni enyibilikayo umiselwe kusetyenziswa i-spectrophotometry kwiindawo ze-ultraviolet kunye nezibonakalayo ze-spectrum (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-595 nm kwaye kubalwe kwi-standard curve ye-bovine serum albumin.
Bulala isampuli entsha eyi-0.5 g, yongeza i-5 ml ye-10% ye-acetic acid ukuze uyigaye kwaye uyidibanise, uyihluze kwaye uyinyibilikise ibe yivolumu engaguqukiyo. Indlela yeChromogenic usebenzisa isisombululo se-ninhydrin. Umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla umiselwe yi-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-wavelength obuyi-570 nm kwaye ubalwe kwi-standard leucine curve.
Bulala i-0.5 g yesampulu entsha, yongeza i-5 ml yesisombululo se-3% se-sulfosalicylic acid, uyifudumeze emanzini uze uyishukumise imizuzu eli-10. Emva kokuba ipholile, isisombululo sihluziwe saza saxutywa saya kumthamo ongaguqukiyo. Kwasetyenziswa indlela ye-acid ninhydrin chromogenic. Umxholo weproline umiselwe yi-UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-wavelength obuyi-520 nm kwaye ubalwe kwi-proline standard curve.
Umxholo wee-saponins umiselwe yi-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ngokuhambelana ne-Pharmacopoeia yeRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina (uhlelo luka-2015). Umgaqo osisiseko we-HPLC kukusebenzisa ulwelo olunoxinzelelo oluphezulu njengesigaba esihambayo kunye nokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokwahlula esebenza kakuhle kwikholamu yesigaba esimileyo yee-particles ezi-ultrafine. Izakhono zokusebenza zezi zilandelayo:
Iimeko ze-HPLC kunye novavanyo lokufaneleka kwenkqubo (Itheyibhile 1): Ukulungiswa kwe-gradient kwenziwe ngokwetheyibhile elandelayo, kusetyenziswa i-silica gel edityaniswe ne-octadecylsilane njengesizalisi, i-acetonitrile njengesigaba esiphathwayo A, amanzi njengesigaba esiphathwayo B, kwaye ubude bomda wokufumanisa yayiyi-203 nm. Inani leekomityi zethiyori ezibalwe kwi-R1 peak ye-Panax notoginseng saponins kufuneka ubuncinane zibe yi-4000.
Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo sokubhekisela: Linganisa ngokuchanekileyo i-ginsenosides Rg1, i-ginsenosides Rb1 kunye ne-notoginsenosides R1, yongeza i-methanol ukuze ufumane isisombululo esixutyiweyo se-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rg1, i-0.4 mg ye-ginsenoside Rb1 kunye ne-0.1 mg ye-notoginsenoside R1 nge-ml nganye.
Ukulungiselela isisombululo sovavanyo: Linganisa i-0.6 g yomgubo weSanxin uze wongeze i-50 ml ye-methanol. Umxube ulinganiswe (W1) uze ushiywe ubusuku bonke. Isisombululo esixutyiweyo emva koko sabiliswa kancinci emanzini okuhlamba kwi-80°C. iiyure ezi-2. Emva kokupholisa, linganisa isisombululo esixutyiweyo uze wongeze i-methanol ephumayo kubunzima bokuqala be-W1. Emva koko shukumisa kakuhle uze uhluze. I-filtrate ishiywe ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
Umxholo we-saponin ufunxwe ngokuchanekileyo yi-10 µl yesisombululo esiqhelekileyo kunye ne-10 µl ye-filtrate kwaye wafakwa kwi-HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Ijika eliqhelekileyo: ukumisela isisombululo esixutyiweyo se-Rg1, Rb1, R1, iimeko ze-chromatography ziyafana nezingasentla. Bala ijika eliqhelekileyo elinommandla wencochoyi elinganisiweyo kwi-y-axis kunye noxinzelelo lwe-saponin kwisisombululo esiqhelekileyo kwi-abscissa. Faka indawo yencochoyi elinganisiweyo yesampuli kwijika eliqhelekileyo ukuze ubale uxinzelelo lwe-saponin.
Linganisa isampuli ye-0.1 g ye-P. notogensings uze wongeze i-50 ml yesisombululo se-70% CH3OH. Yibeke kwindawo efudumeleyo iiyure ezi-2, uze uyifake kwindawo efudumeleyo kwi-4000 rpm imizuzu eli-10. Thatha i-1 ml ye-supernatant uze uyinyibilikise izihlandlo ezili-12. Umxholo we-flavonoids umiselwe yi-ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., China) kubude be-249 nm. I-Quercetin sisithako esiqhelekileyo esininzi8.
Idatha yahlelwa kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-Excel ka-2010. Uhlalutyo lokwahluka kwedatha luvavanywe kusetyenziswa isoftware ye-SPSS Statistics 20. Umfanekiso uthathwe yi-origin Pro 9.1. Izibalo ezibaliweyo ziquka i-mean ± standard deviation. Iingxelo zokubaluleka kwezibalo zisekelwe kwi-P<0.05.
Kwimeko yokutshiza nge-foliar concentration efanayo ye-oxalic acid, umxholo we-Ca kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng unyuke kakhulu xa kusetyenziswa ilayisi eyonyukileyo (Itheyibhile 2). Xa kuthelekiswa nokungafakwanga ilayisi, umxholo we-Ca unyuke nge-212% kwi-3750 kg ppm lime ngaphandle kokutshiza i-oxalic acid. Ngesantya esifanayo sokusetyenziswa kwelayisi, umxholo we-calcium unyuke kancinci xa kusetyenziswa i-oxalic acid eyonyukileyo.
Umxholo we-Cd kwiingcambu wawuhluka ukusuka kwi-0.22 ukuya kwi-0.70 mg/kg. Kwi-oxalic acid efanayo yokutshiza, umxholo we-2250 kg hm-2 Cd wehle kakhulu ngokwanda kwesantya sokusebenzisa ilayimu. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, xa kutshizwa iingcambu nge-2250 kg gm-2 lime kunye ne-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, umxholo we-Cd wehle nge-68.57%. Xa kusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwelayimu kunye ne-750 kg hm-2 lime, umxholo we-Cd kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng wehle kakhulu ngokwanda kwe-oxalic acid yokutshiza. Ngokungeniswa kwe-2250 kg yelayimu gm-2 kunye ne-3750 kg yelayimu gm-2, umxholo we-Cd kwingcambu wehla kuqala waza wanda ngokwanda kwe-oxalic acid. Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwe-2D lubonise ukuba umxholo weCa kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng uchatshazelwe kakhulu yilayimu (F = 82.84**), umxholo weCd kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng uchatshazelwe kakhulu yilayimu (F = 74.99**) kunye ne-oxalic acid. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Ngenxa yokwanda kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu kunye noxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid, umxholo we-MDA wehle kakhulu. Akukho mahluko mkhulu ufunyenweyo kumxholo we-MDA phakathi kweengcambu zePanax notoginseng eziphathwe ngelayimu kunye ne-3750 kg g/m2 lime. Kwizinga lokusetyenziswa kwe-750 kg hm-2 kunye ne-2250 kg hm-2 lime, umxholo we-MDA kwi-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid xa itshizwa yayiyi-58.38% kunye ne-40.21% engaphantsi kune-oxalic acid engatshizwanga, ngokulandelelana. Umxholo we-MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) wawungowona uphantsi xa kongezwa i-750 kg ye-hm-2 lime kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1 ye-oxalic acid (Umzobo 1).
Isiphumo sokutshiza amagqabi nge-oxalic acid kumxholo we-malondialdehyde kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng eziphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium [J]. P<0.05). Kuyafana ngezantsi.
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-3750 kg h m-2 yelayimu, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo owabonwayo kumsebenzi we-SOD wenkqubo yengcambu yePanax notoginseng. Xa kusetyenziswa ilayimu 0, 750 kunye ne-2250 kg hm-2, umsebenzi we-SOD xa kutshizwa i-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawuphezulu kakhulu kunaxa kungekho nyango nge-oxalic acid, eyanyuka nge-177.89%, 61.62% kunye ne-45 .08% ngokulandelelana. Umsebenzi we-SOD (598.18 units g-1) kwiingcambu wawuphezulu xa kunyangwa ngaphandle kwelayimu kwaye kutshizwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Kwinqanaba elifanayo ngaphandle kwe-oxalic acid okanye kutshizwe nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-SOD wanda ngobuninzi bokusetyenziswa kwelayimu. Umsebenzi we-SOD wehla kakhulu emva kokutshizwa nge-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid (Umzobo 2).
Impembelelo yokutshiza amagqabi nge-oxalic acid kumsebenzi we-superoxide dismutase, i-peroxidase, kunye ne-catalase kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium [J].
Ngokufanayo nomsebenzi we-SOD kwiingcambu, umsebenzi we-POD kwiingcambu (63.33 µmol g-1) wawuphezulu xa utshizwa ngaphandle kwelayimu kunye ne-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, eyayiphezulu nge-148.35% kunolawulo (25.50 µmol g-1). . Umsebenzi we-POD waqala wanda waza wehla ngokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid kunye nonyango lwe-3750 kg hm −2 lime. Xa kuthelekiswa nonyango nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, umsebenzi we-POD wehla nge-36.31% xa unyangwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Umzobo 2).
Ngaphandle kokutshiza i-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kunye nokusebenzisa i-2250 kg hm-2 okanye i-3750 kg hm-2 lime, umsebenzi we-CAT wawuphezulu kakhulu kunolawulo. Umsebenzi we-CAT wonyango nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid kunye nonyango nge-lime 0.2250 kg m-2 okanye i-3750 kg h m-2 unyuke nge-276.08%, 276.69% kunye ne-33 .05% ngokulandelelana xa kuthelekiswa nokungabikho konyango lwe-oxalic acid. Umsebenzi we-CAT weengcambu (803.52 µmol g-1) eziphathwe nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawungowona uphezulu. Umsebenzi we-CAT (172.88 µmol g-1) wawungowona uphantsi kunyango lwe-3750 kg hm-2 lime kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Umzobo 2).
Uhlalutyo lwe-Bivariate lubonise ukuba umsebenzi we-Panax notoginseng CAT kunye ne-MDA zinxulumene kakhulu nobungakanani be-oxalic acid okanye i-lime spray kunye nonyango zombini (Itheyibhile 3). Umsebenzi we-SOD kwiingcambu wawunxulumene kakhulu nonyango lwe-lime kunye ne-oxalic acid okanye uxinaniso lwe-oxalic acid spray. Umsebenzi we-Root POD unxulumene kakhulu nobungakanani be-lime esetyenzisiweyo okanye ngokusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kwe-lime kunye ne-oxalic acid.
Umxholo weeswekile ezinyibilikayo kwizityalo zeengcambu wehle ngokwanda kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu kunye noxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumxholo weeswekile ezinyibilikayo kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwelayimu kunye noxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-750 kg·h·m−2 yelayimu. Xa kusetyenziswa i-2250 kg hm-2 lime, umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo xa unyangwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawuphezulu kakhulu kunaxa kutshizwa nge-non-oxalic acid, eyanyuka nge-22.81%. Xa kusetyenziswa ilayimu kwi-3750 kg·h·m-2, umxholo weeswekile ezinyibilikayo wehla kakhulu ngokwanda koxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo yonyango lwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray wawungaphantsi nge-38.77% kunonyango ngaphandle konyango lwe-oxalic acid. Ukongeza, unyango olutshizwayo nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid lwalunomlinganiselo weswekile ophantsi onyibilikayo we-205.80 mg g-1 (Umzobo 3).
Isiphumo sokutshiza amagqabi nge-oxalic acid kumxholo weswekile enyibilikayo iyonke kunye neproteni enyibilikayo kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium [J].
Umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kwiingcambu wehla ngokwanda kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid. Ukuba akukho lime, umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kunyango lokutshiza nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawuphantsi kakhulu kunakwindlela yokulawula, nge-16.20%. Xa kusetyenziswa ilimu 750 kg hm-2, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo kumxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng owabonwayo. Kwisantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu se-2250 kg h m-2, umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo kunyango lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid ye-0.2 mol l-1 wawuphezulu kakhulu kunakwindlela yokutshiza nge-non-oxalic acid (35.11%). Xa kusetyenziswa ilimu kwi-3750 kg h m-2, umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo wehla kakhulu ngokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid spray, kwaye umxholo weprotheyini enyibilikayo (269.84 µg g-1) wawuphantsi kakhulu xa kusetyenziswa kwi-0.2 mol l-1. Ukutshiza nge-oxalic acid enye (Umzobo 3).
Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo kumxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng xa kungekho lime ufunyenweyo. Njengoko kwanda uxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kunye nesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelame se-750 kg hm-2, umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla waqala wehla waza wanda. Ukusetyenziswa konyango nge-2250 kg hm-2 lime kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid kwandise kakhulu umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla nge-33.58% xa kuthelekiswa nokungabikho konyango nge-oxalic acid. Njengoko kwanda uxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kunye nokungeniswa kwe-3750 kg·hm-2 yelame, umxholo we-amino acid yasimahla wehla kakhulu. Umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla kunyango lwe-0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray wawungaphantsi nge-49.76% kunakwinyango ngaphandle konyango lwe-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-amino acid yasimahla wawuphezulu xa unyangwa ngaphandle konyango nge-oxalic acid kwaye wawufikelela kwi-2.09 mg/g. Umxholo wee-amino acids zasimahla (1.05 mg g-1) wawuphantsi kakhulu xa utshizwa nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Umzobo 4).
Isiphumo sokutshiza amagqabi nge-oxalic acid kumxholo we-free amino acids kunye ne-proline kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo lwe-cadmium [J].
Umxholo weproline kwiingcambu wehla ngokwanda kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid. Akukho mahluko mkhulu kumxholo weproline wePanax notoginseng xa kungekho lime. Ngokwanda koxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kunye namazinga okusetyenziswa kwelayimu angama-750, 2250 kg hm-2, umxholo weproline wehla kuqala waza wanda. Umxholo weproline kunyango lwe-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray wawuphezulu kakhulu kunomxholo weproline kunyango lwe-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid spray, olwanda nge-19.52% kunye ne-44.33%, ngokulandelelana. Xa kusetyenziswa i-3750 kg·hm-2 yelayimu, umxholo weproline wehla kakhulu ngokwanda koxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Umxholo weproline emva kokutshiza nge-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawungaphantsi nge-54.68% kunangaphandle kwe-oxalic acid. Umxholo weproline wawungowona uphantsi kwaye wawufikelela kwi-11.37 μg/g xa kunyangwa nge-0.2 mol/l oxalic acid (Umzobo 4).
Umxholo wee-saponins zizonke kwiPanax notoginseng yayiyi-Rg1>Rb1>R1. Akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo kumxholo wee-saponins ezintathu kunye noxinzelelo olukhulayo lwe-oxalic acid spray kunye nokungabikho kwelayimu (Itheyibhile 4).
Umxholo we-R1 xa kutshizwa i-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid wawuphantsi kakhulu kunaxa kungekho kutshizwa i-oxalic acid kwaye kusetyenziswa ilayimu eyi-750 okanye eyi-3750 kg·h·m-2. Ngoxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid oluyi-0 okanye eyi-0.1 mol l-1, bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo kumxholo we-R1 ngokwanda kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu. Ngoxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid oluyi-0.2 mol l-1, umxholo we-R1 we-3750 kg hm-2 yelayimu wawuphantsi kakhulu kunowe-43.84% ngaphandle kwelayimu (Itheyibhile 4).
Umxholo we-Rg1 waqala wanda waza wehla ngokwanda koxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kunye nesantya sokufaka ilayimu se-750 kg·h·m−2. Ngomlinganiselo wokufaka ilayimu we-2250 okanye i-3750 kg h m-2, umxholo we-Rg1 wehla ngokwanda koxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Ngomlinganiselo ofanayo wokutshiza we-oxalic acid, umxholo we-Rg1 waqala wanda waza wehla ngokwanda komlinganiselo wokufaka ilayimu. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo, ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid ezintathu zokutshiza kunye ne-750 kg h m-2, umxholo we-Rg1 wawuphezulu kunolawulo, umxholo we-Rg1 kwiingcambu zezinye iindlela zonyango wawuphantsi kunolawulo. Umxholo we-Rg1 wawuphezulu xa utshizwa nge-750 kg gm-2 lime kunye ne-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, eyayiphezulu nge-11.54% kunolawulo (Itheyibhile 4).
Umxholo we-Rb1 waqala wanda waza wehla ngoxinzelelo olukhulayo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kunye nesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu se-2250 kg hm-2. Emva kokutshiza i-0.1 mol l–1 oxalic acid, umxholo we-Rb1 ufikelele kwi-3.46% ephezulu, engama-74.75% ngaphezulu kunangaphandle kokutshiza i-oxalic acid. Ngolunye unyango lwelayimu, bekungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Xa kutshizwa nge-0.1 kunye ne-0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid, umxholo we-Rb1 uqale wehla, uze wehla ngobuninzi obandayo belayimu eyongeziweyo (itheyibhile 4).
Kwinqanaba elifanayo le-oxalic acid etshiziweyo, umxholo we-flavonoids waqala wanda waza wehla ngokonyuka kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwelayimu. Akukho lime okanye i-3750 kg hm-2 lime etshiziweyo ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo e-oxalic acid yayinomahluko omkhulu kumxholo we-flavonoid. Xa ilayimu itshiziweyo ngesantya se-750 kunye ne-2250 kg h m-2, umxholo we-flavonoids waqala wanda waza wehla ngokonyuka kwesantya sokusetyenziswa kwe-oxalic acid. Xa inyangwa ngesantya sokusetyenziswa se-750 kg hm-2 kwaye itshiziweyo nge-0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, umxholo we-flavonoids wawuphezulu kwaye wawufikelela kwi-4.38 mg g-1, eyi-18.38% ephezulu kunelayimu ngesantya esifanayo sokusetyenziswa. ngaphandle kokutshiza nge-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-flavonoids ngexesha lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid 0.1 mol l-1 unyuke nge-21.74% xa kuthelekiswa nonyango ngaphandle kokutshiza nge-oxalic acid kunye nonyango lwelayimu nge-2250 kg hm-2 (Umzobo 5).
Isiphumo sokutshiza nge-oxalate foliar kumxholo we-flavonoid kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng eziphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-cadmium [J].
Uhlalutyo lwe-Bivariate lubonise ukuba umxholo weswekile enyibilikayo kwiPanax notoginseng unxulumene kakhulu nobungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo. Umxholo weproteni enyibilikayo kwizityalo zeengcambu unxulumene kakhulu nomlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwelayimu, zombini ilayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-amino acids zasimahla kunye ne-proline kwiingcambu unxulumene kakhulu nomlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwelayimu, uxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid, ilayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid (Itheyibhile 5).
Umxholo we-R1 kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng unxulumene kakhulu noxinzelelo lokutshiza nge-oxalic acid, ubungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo, ilayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid. Umxholo we-flavonoid unxulumene kakhulu noxinzelelo lwe-oxalic acid etshiziweyo kunye nobungakanani belayimu esetyenzisiweyo.
Kuye kwasetyenziswa utshintsho oluninzi ukunciphisa i-Cd yesityalo ngokuthintela i-Cd emhlabeni, njengelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid30. Ilayimu isetyenziswa kakhulu njengesongezo somhlaba ukunciphisa umxholo we-cadmium kwizityalo31. ULiang et al. 32 baxele ukuba i-oxalic acid ingasetyenziselwa ukubuyisela umhlaba ongcoliswe ziintsimbi ezinzima. Emva kokusebenzisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-oxalic acid kumhlaba ongcolisiweyo, izinto eziphilayo zomhlaba zanda, amandla okutshintshiselana kwe-cation ayancipha, kwaye ixabiso le-pH landa ngama-33. I-oxalic acid ingasabela nakwii-ion zesinyithi emhlabeni. Phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Cd, umxholo we-Cd kwiPanax notoginseng wanda kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo. Nangona kunjalo, xa kusetyenziswa ilayimu, yehla kakhulu. Kolu phononongo, xa kusetyenziswa i-750 kg ye-hm-2 lime, umxholo we-Cd kwingcambu ufikelele kumgangatho wesizwe (umda we-Cd: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), kwaye isiphumo xa kusetyenziswa i-2250 kg ye-hm−2 yelayimu sisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ngelayimu. Ukusetyenziswa kwelayimu kudale inani elikhulu leendawo zokukhuphisana phakathi kwe-Ca2+ kunye ne-Cd2+ emhlabeni, kwaye ukongezwa kwe-oxalic acid kunokunciphisa umxholo we-Cd kwingcambu zePanax notoginseng. Nangona kunjalo, umxholo we-Cd kwingcambu zePanax notoginseng uncitshiswe kakhulu ngokudityaniswa kwelayimu kunye ne-oxalic acid, kwafikelela kumgangatho wesizwe. I-Ca2+ emhlabeni ifunxwa phezu komphezulu weengcambu ngexesha lokuhamba kobuninzi kwaye inokuthatyathwa ziiseli zengcambu ngokusebenzisa imijelo ye-calcium (iiCa2+-channels), iipompo ze-calcium (iCa2+-AT-Pase) kunye nee-antiporters ze-Ca2+/H+, ize ithuthwe ngokuthe tye iye kwi-root xylem 23. Umxholo Ingcambu ye-Ca yayinxulunyaniswa kakubi kakhulu nomxholo we-Cd (P<0.05). Umxholo we-Cd wehla ngokunyuka komxholo we-Ca, okuhambelana noluvo malunga nokuchasana kwe-Ca kunye ne-Cd. Uhlalutyo lokwahluka lubonise ukuba ubungakanani belayimu buchaphazele kakhulu umxholo we-Ca kwiingcambu zePanax notoginseng. UPongrac et al. 35 baxele ukuba i-Cd ibopha kwi-oxalate kwiikristale ze-calcium oxalate kwaye ikhuphisana ne-Ca. Nangona kunjalo, ukulawulwa kwe-Ca yi-oxalate kwakungabalulekanga. Oku kubonise ukuba ukuchasana kwe-calcium oxalate eyenziwe yi-oxalic acid kunye ne-Ca2+ kwakungeyomvula elula, kwaye inkqubo yokuchasana inokulawulwa ziindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-metabolic.