I-Formate ingabonwa njengomqolo we-bioeconomy engathathi cala kwi-carbon, eveliswa yi-CO2 kusetyenziswa iindlela zeekhemikhali (ze-electro) kwaye iguqulwe ibe ziimveliso ezongeziweyo kusetyenziswa ii-enzymatic cascades okanye ii-microorganisms ezenziwe ngobunjineli. Inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekwandiseni ukufunxwa kwe-formate yokwenziwa kukunciphisa kwayo i-formaldehyde ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi ye-thermodynamically, ebonakala apha njengotshintsho lombala otyheli. Ityala: I-Institute of Terrestrial Microbiology Max Planck/Geisel.
Izazinzulu kwiMax Planck Institute zenze indlela yokwenziwa kwe-metabolism eguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe yi-formaldehyde ngoncedo lwe-formic acid, enika indlela engathathi cala kwi-carbon yokuvelisa izinto ezixabisekileyo.
Iindlela ezintsha ze-anabolic zokufaka i-carbon dioxide azincedi nje kuphela ekunciphiseni amanqanaba e-carbon dioxide emoyeni, kodwa zinokuthatha indawo yemveliso yemveli yeekhemikhali zamayeza kunye nezithako ezisebenzayo ngeenkqubo zebhayoloji ezingathathi cala kwi-carbon. Uphando olutsha lubonisa inkqubo apho i-formic acid inokusetyenziswa ukuguqula i-carbon dioxide ibe yinto exabisekileyo kwishishini le-biochemical.
Ngenxa yokwanda kokukhutshwa kweegesi ezibangela ukufudumala komhlaba, ukuthuthwa kwekhabhoni okanye ukuthuthwa kwekhabhoni diokside kwimithombo emikhulu yokukhupha ukungcola yingxaki enkulu. Ngokwendalo, ukufunxwa kwekhabhoni diokside bekuqhubeka kangangezigidi zeminyaka, kodwa amandla ayo awanele ukuhlawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi okubangelwa ngabantu.
Abaphandi abakhokelwa nguTobias Erb we-Institute of Terrestrial Microbiology. UMax Planck usebenzisa izixhobo zendalo ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha zokulungisa i-carbon dioxide. Ngoku baphumelele ekuphuhliseni indlela ye-metabolism yokwenziwa evelisa i-formaldehyde esebenzayo kakhulu kwi-formic acid, into enokwenzeka ukuba ibe phakathi kwi-photosynthesis yokwenziwa. I-Formaldehyde inokungena ngokuthe ngqo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-metabolism ukuze yenze ezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo ngaphandle kwemiphumo enobungozi. Njengakwinkqubo yendalo, kufuneka izithako ezimbini eziphambili: amandla kunye ne-carbon. Eyokuqala inokubonelelwa kungekuphela nje lilanga elithe ngqo, kodwa nangombane - umzekelo, iimodyuli zelanga.
Kwikhonkco lexabiso, imithombo yekhabhoni iyaguquguquka. Ikhabhoni diokside ayilo khetho lodwa apha, sithetha ngazo zonke iikhompawundi zekhabhoni nganye (iibhloko zokwakha zeC1): ikhabhoni monoxide, i-formic acid, i-formaldehyde, i-methanol kunye ne-methane. Nangona kunjalo, phantse zonke ezi zinto zinobungozi kakhulu, kokubini kwizinto eziphilayo (ikhabhoni monoxide, i-formaldehyde, i-methanol) nakwiplanethi (i-methane njengegesi yegreenhouse). Kuphela emva kokuba i-formic acid ingasebenzi kakuhle kwi-formate yayo esisiseko apho iintsholongwane ezininzi zinyamezela ubuninzi bayo.
“I-asidi ye-formic ngumthombo othembisayo kakhulu wekhabhoni,” ugxininisa uMaren Nattermann, umbhali wokuqala wolu phando. “Kodwa ukuyiguqula ibe yi-formaldehyde kwi-vitro kudinga amandla amaninzi.” Oku kungenxa yokuba i-formate, ityuwa ye-formate, ayiguquki lula ibe yi-formaldehyde. “Kukho umqobo omkhulu weekhemikhali phakathi kwezi molekyuli zimbini, kwaye ngaphambi kokuba senze impendulo yokwenyani, kufuneka soyise ngoncedo lwamandla e-biochemical - i-ATP.”
Injongo yabaphandi yayikukufumana indlela engabizi kakhulu. Kaloku, amandla amancinci afunekayo ukondla ikhabhoni kwi-metabolism, kokukhona amandla amaninzi anokusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza ukukhula okanye imveliso. Kodwa ayikho indlela enjalo kwindalo. “Ukufunyanwa kwee-enzymes ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hybrid ezinemisebenzi emininzi kufuna ubuchule,” utshilo uTobias Erb. “Nangona kunjalo, ukufunyanwa kwee-enzymes ezikhethiweyo sisiqalo nje. Sithetha ngeempendulo ezinokubalwa kunye kuba zihamba kancinci kakhulu—kwezinye iimeko, kukho impendulo engaphantsi kwesinye ngomzuzwana nge-enzyme nganye. Iimpendulo zendalo zinokuqhubeka ngesantya esiphindwe kaliwaka ngokukhawuleza.” Kulapho ke i-biochemistry yokwenziwa ingena khona, utshilo uMaren Nattermann: “Ukuba uyayazi indlela esebenza ngayo i-enzyme, uyazi apho ungenelela khona. Kube luncedo olukhulu.”
Ukulungiswa kwee-enzyme kubandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo: ukutshintshiselana kweebhloko zokwakha ezikhethekileyo, ukuvelisa utshintsho olungacwangciswanga, kunye nokukhetha umthamo. “Zombini i-formate kunye ne-formaldehyde zifanelekile kakhulu kuba zinokungena eludongeni lweeseli. Singongeza i-formate kwindawo yokukhulisa iiseli, evelisa i-enzyme eguqula i-formaldehyde ephumayo ibe yidayi emthubi engenabungozi emva kweeyure ezimbalwa,” utshilo uMaren. UNattermann ucacisile.
Iziphumo kwixesha elifutshane kangaka bezingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iindlela eziphezulu zokukhupha. Ukuze benze oku, abaphandi basebenzisane neqabane lezoshishino iFesto e-Esslingen, eJamani. “Emva kokutshintsha okumalunga nama-4,000, siphinde kane isivuno sethu,” utshilo uMaren Nattermann. “Ngenxa yoko, senze isiseko sokukhula kwe-microorganism yemodeli i-E. coli, ihashe elisebenzayo le-biotechnology, kwi-formic acid. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku, iiseli zethu zinokuvelisa i-formaldehyde kuphela kwaye azinakuguquka ngakumbi.”
Ngokubambisana nomlingani wakhe uSebastian Wink ovela kwi-Institute of Plant Molecular Physiology. Abaphandi bakaMax Planck okwangoku baphuhlisa uhlobo olunokuthi luthathe izinto eziphakathi kwaye luzingenise kwi-metabolism ephakathi. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela liqhuba uphando malunga nokuguqulwa kwe-carbon dioxide ibe yi-formic acid nge-electrochemical kunye neqela elisebenzayo kwi-Institute of Chemical Energy Conversion. UMax Planck phantsi kolwalathiso lukaWalter Leitner. Injongo yexesha elide "yiqonga elinye elifanelana nayo yonke into" ukusuka kwi-carbon dioxide eveliswa ziinkqubo ze-electrobiochemical ukuya kwiimveliso ezifana ne-insulin okanye i-biodiesel.
Isalathiso: UMaren Nattermann, uSebastian Wenk, uPascal Pfister, uHai He, uSeung Hwang Lee, uWitold Szymanski, uNils Guntermann, uFaiying Zhu “Uphuhliso lwenkqubo entsha yokuguqulwa kwe-formate exhomekeke kwi-phosphate ibe yi-formaldehyde kwi-vitro nakwi-vivo”, uLennart Nickel. , uCharlotte Wallner, uJan Zarzycki, uNicole Pachia, uNina Gaisert, uGiancarlo Francio, uWalter Leitner, uRamon Gonzalez, kunye noTobias J. Erb, nge-9 kaMeyi, 2023, iNature Communications.DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38072-w
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